382 
NATURE 
[JUNE II, 1914 
electrometallurgy of steel may be conveyed most con- 
vincingly by merely stating that more Heéroult 
furnaces are in use than are those of any other type; 
no fewer, indeed, than thirty-one, consuming some 
19,000 kw., out of a total of 129 furnaces taking 
50,000 kw., a capacity, moreover, which will be 
doubled in the near future, when the large 22-25-ton 
Héroult furnaces now in course of erection will be 
put into operation. If the foundations of the new 
method have now been firmly laid, to Héroult can 
justly be accorded the chief share of the credit. 
In the February issue of the Proceedings of the 
Academy of Philadelphia for 1914 Mr. H. N. Wardle 
describes and figures two specimens of the diminutive 
mummified human heads prepared by the Jibaro 
(Jivaro) tribes dwelling in the eastern valleys of the 
oye 
A “‘Tsantsa,” or diminutive mummified head of a Jibaro Indian. 
From Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 
Andes around the head-waters of the Amazon, by 
whom they are called tsantsa. Although such mum- 
mies have been known to science since the year 1862, 
when one was described by Dr. Moreno-Maiz, in the 
Bull. Soc. Anthrop., Paris (vol. iii., p. 185), they are 
still so rare that each merits a separate description. 
Of the two specimens described by Mr. Wardle, one 
(figure here reproduced) has been recently acquired 
by the Philadelphia Academy; it was formerly in the 
Museum Umlauf, Hamburg. The second is in the 
private collection of Mr. S. Castner, of Philadelphia, 
by whom it was purchased at a sale in 1903, and 
wrongly stated to have come from Oceania. Accounts 
vary as to the method by which these heads—of which 
two examples are shown in the Natural History 
Museum—were prepared. 
NWOs/ 2325, VO O23) 
To vol. xliii., part 4, of the Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 
Dr. G. E. Pilgrim contributes an article on the cor- 
relation of the Siwaliks with European mammaliferous 
horizons, in which it is concluded that while the top- 
most conglomerates of the former (with remains of 
camels and Indian buffaloes) represent the Upper 
Pliocene, the Bugti beds correspond to the Lower 
Burdigalian or Upper Aquitanian of Europe. Several 
forms, including two genera of macherodont tigers, 
and a genus of bear, are described as new. 
Papers recently received on American faunas. in- 
clude one, by Mr. N. de Witt Betts, on the birds of 
Boulder County, Colorado (Univ. Colorado Studies, 
vol. x., no. 4); a second, by Mr. M. M. Ellis, on the 
fishes of Colorado (ibid., vol. xi., no. 1); and a third, 
by Dr. P. S. Welsh, on the North American worms 
of the family Enchytrzidz (Bull. Illinois State Lab. 
Nat. Hist., vol. x., art. 3). The last-named group, 
which has hitherto received scant attention from 
naturalists, comprises sixteen genera and many 
species (inclusive of several described as new by Dr. 
Welsh), ranging over America and Europe, and re- 
ported to occur in Siberia, N. Africa, and New Zea- 
land, but mainly restricted to cold areas, including 
even glaciers. Allied in many respects to ordinary 
earth-worms, in others the Enchytraeidz display affini- 
ties with the lower Oligocheta. 
Mr. L. WavmMsLey has written a concise illustrated 
‘Guide to the Geology of the Whitby District ’’ (Horne 
and Son, Whitby, price 1s.), which should be useful 
to the hundreds of summer visitors who go forth 
with hammers in their hands. We hope that this 
edition will be appreciated, since we are promised in 
that case a subsequent one on a somewhat fuller scale. 
A reference to the colour-printed drift map of the 
Geological Survey, Sheets 35 and 44, would seem 
desirable. The variety of Ammonite types, St. Hilda’s 
‘“headlesse snakes,”’ is well brought out in the illus- 
trations. 
Dr. C. DIENER’s description of the ‘‘ Triassic Faunze 
of Kashmir’’ appears as one of the folio memoirs of 
the Geological Survey of India (‘‘ Palzontologia 
Indica,” vol. v., Mem. 1, price 4s. 4d.). In dealing 
with the fine series of ammonites, the author abandons 
his genus Danubites in favour of Waagen’s Xeno- 
discus, of which several species are described. A new 
genus, Kashmirites, is introduced, allied to Xenodiscus 
and Sibirites. The Ceratite group is well represented 
in the zones corresponding to the European Muschel- 
kalk. Although a passage is proved from the Tethys 
(Mediterranean) marine region to that of the Hima- 
layas, communication was evidently restricted through- 
out the whole Triassic period, so far as cephalopoda 
are concerned. 
THE connection between ice and fog is well known, 
and within little more than two years both have taken 
a disastrously heavy toll of life. Both conditions are 
necessarily frequently referred to in the monthly 
meteorological charts of the North Atlantic published 
by the United States, Germany, and this country. 
|} Among the chief causes of ocean fog formation 
