418 
NATURE 
[June 18, 1914 
propterea invidisse dicitur, quod, Hippolyto ad vitam 
revocato, iura Plutonis imminuisset. Nunc autem 
omnibus penitus persuasum est, nihil quod hominum 
saluti prosit, summo Patri posse displicere. | Non 
immerito igitur illos in honore habemus, quorum 
auxilio mortis imperium inter terminos artiores con- 
tractum vidimus. 
Mr. ErNnesT HENRY STARLING, M.D., F.R.S., 
Professor of Physiology, University College, London. 
Agmen nostrum claudit hodie Universitatis Londini- 
ensis in Collegio quodam illustri professor insignis. 
Physiologis notum est sanguinis nostri partem quan- 
dam e venis quibusdam subtilissimis per corporis telas 
propinquas textu tenuissimas exsudare, et co1pori 
alimenta quaedam ova ministrare. Viri huius prae- 
sertim experimentis sudoris illius ratio universa expli- 
cata est, qui etiam vitam corporis iam mortui in corde 
et pulmonibus conservatam, et partium superstitum 
motus, investigare potuit. Talium virorum ingenio, 
vocabulo quodam a lingua Graeca derivato, quod hor- 
mone dicitur, res quaedam chemica patefacta est, 
quae, ex alia corporis parte intima, parti alii stimulos 
addit, hine illuc velut nuntia quaedam transmissa. 
Etiam physiologiae in studio quicquid novi aliunde ad 
nos advectum est, etiam nobis novos stimulos addit. 
Ergo etiam hunc virum, rerum exterarum nuntium 
ad nos advectum, decoramus, qui tot collegas suos non 
modo industriae et laboris sed etiam gloriae et honoris 
stimulis concitavit. 
est 
THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE 
ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING. 
eee annual report of the president of the Car- 
negie Foundation for the Advancement of 
Teaching shows a total endowment of 3,065,000l., and 
an expenditure for the year ending September 30, 
1913, of 131,6861. Of this 103,888/. were distributed 
in retiring allowances to professors, and 16,1501. in 
pensions to their widows. Thirty-three allowances 
were granted during the year, making the total in 
force 403, the average annual payment to an individual 
being 340l. The total distribution from the beginning 
has been 587,3851. The educational work of the 
foundation was separately endowed in January, 1913, 
by a gift of 250,c0ol. from Mr. Carnegie through the 
Carnegie Corporation of New York. This body, 
which is endowed with 25,000,000l. for ‘‘ the advance- 
ment and diffusion of knowledge and understanding,”’ 
has five ex-officio trustees, of whom one must always 
be the president of the Carnegie Foundation for the 
Advancement of Teaching. 
In connection with the foundation’s work as a 
centre of information concerning pensions, the presi- 
dent, Mr. H. S. Pritchett, discusses pension systems 
that are maintained by half a dozen colleges, the 
development of new systems at Brown University, the 
Rockefeller Institute, and the American Museum of 
Natural History, the new federated pension system 
of the English universities, and the proposed system 
for the clergy of the Episcopal Church. Among pen- 
sions for public-school teachers the report discusses 
the New York City system and the new State system 
in Massachusetts. ; 
At the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research 
the pensions are stipendiary in character, being three- 
quarters of the last annual salary to those retiring at 
the age of sixty-five, after fifteen years of service. 
Retirement is also permitted at the earlier age of 
sixty, after fifteen years of service, the pension in this 
event being one-half of the last annual salary, plus 
10 per cent. for each year of service in excess of 
fifteen. These pensions are offered only to members 
NO: 2320, VOL. O32) 
and associate members of the institute, of whom there 
are now twelve. The maximum for retiring allow- 
ances is high, being set at 200ol. The rules repeat 
the rule of the University of Chicago, that ‘the 
obligation to pay retiring allowances will be neither 
greater nor less than the obligation to pay salaries; so 
that if misfortune shall compel a percentage reduction 
of salaries, retiring allowances may be reduced in the 
same proportion.” 
Much of the report is devoted to the development of 
the educational work of the foundation into a separate 
division of educational inquiry. Its recent work in- 
cludes a study of education in Vermont at the request 
of the Vermont Educational Commission, of legal 
education at the request of a committee of the 
American Bar Association, and of engineering educa- 
tion at the request of a joint committee representing 
the national engineering societies. Plans for the study 
of engineering education are now being completed. 
The earlier educational work of the foundation is 
continued in the report by commendation of the pre- 
sent tendency of college entrance requirements toward 
both elevation and flexibility. The need for further 
improvement is shown by the fact that only 55 per 
cent. of the students now in American colleges are 
high-school graduates. The decrease in the number 
of medical schools in the country from 162 in I910 
to 115 in 1913, and the rapid improvement of the 
better schools are commented upon with appreciation. 
A general study of the problems of the State regula- 
tion of higher education is provided. 
An interesting tabular statement is provided which 
sets out the total number of students in 807 universi- 
ties and colleges in the United States, and also the 
number of these, who, having passed college entrance 
examinations and requirements, rank as collegiate 
students. In the 807 institutions there are in all 
330,832 students, of whom 183,089 are students of 
college grade. In each of ten States there are up- 
wards of 10,000 students registered in these places of 
higher education, and the following extract from the 
table shows the number of students of college standing 
in each case. 
Total Students 
State Institutions number of of college 
students grade 
Illinois... ... GO Seay ease 14269 
New York ++ GOAT tS gna men 19365 
Pennsylvania... 40 23633 13279 
Ohio ae nd Ae 22704 14126 
Indiana ... = 14635 7653 
Massachusetts ... 17 14341 13859 
Iowa sie oe FAG 13251 6607 
Texas sis ses ae 12653 4405 
Iansas ... 15 11563 5654 
California oie Meal) BIG7 7864 
There has been in the last five years a marked re- 
crudescence of State activity with regard to higher 
institutions of learning. In a number of States the 
president of the State university has been dismissed, 
whether justly or unjustly, in a peremptory manner. 
In other States there has been legislation with respect 
to the differentiation of State institutions. In. still 
others the regulation of degree-granting powers has 
occupied the attention of legislators. On the whole, 
the last five years have been distinctly marked by the 
activity of legislative authorities concerning the State 
institutions, and by the evidences of some awakening 
as to the need for the regulation of all higher institu- 
tions of learning. Whatever may be the immediate 
outcome of this movement, it is probably a hopeful 
sign of the beginning of a successful effort to differen- 
tiate State institutions and to bring within fair limits 
the degree-granting powers of endowed institutions. 
The report further presents a study of the financial 
