JUNE 25, 1914] 
NATURE 
425 
and tabular form, the composition of the mind in 
the various cases. ‘Thus, in the “normal average 
masculine type of mind” we learn that 30 per cent. 
of the mental energy is distributed to “ideas re- 
lating to self,” 15 per cent. to “ideas relating to 
others,” and so on; in the “normal average 
feminine type of mind” the percentages are 20° 
and 5 respectively. His “elementary formule” 
Dr. Bridger admits are somewhat inexact. But 
his two fundamental propositions he believes to be 
“principles that are of universal acceptance, free 
of speculative theory, and reducible to the simplest 
terms.” His proof throughout is “an appeal. . . 
to the common experience of humanity.” The 
generalisations of James, Titchener and Wundt 
he dismisses on the first page as too metaphysical ; 
and, for the rest, he does not refer to well-known 
writers on the subject, because, as he rightly 
says, “they all approach it from an _ entirely 
different point of view.” Cyrit Burt. 
RECENT BOTANICAL WORKS, 
{1) Paléontologie végétale. Cryptogames cellu- 
laires et Cryptogames vasculaires. By Dr. F. 
Pelourde. Pp. xxviii+360. (Paris: O. Doin 
et Fils, 1914.) Price 5 francs. 
(2) Die Oekologie der Pflanzen. 
Drude. Pp. x+308. (Braunschweig: F. 
Vieweg and Son, 1913.) Price 10 marks. 
{3) The Diseases of Tropical Plants. By Prof. 
M. T.- Cook. Pp. xi+317. (London: Mac- 
millan and Co., Ltd., 1913.) Price 8s. 6d. net. 
(4) Icones Orchidearum — Austro-Africanarum 
Extra-Tropicarum; or, Figures, with Descrip- 
tions of Extra-Tropical South African Orchids 
By Harry Bolus. Vol. iii. 100 plates. 
(London: W. Wesley and Son, 1913.) Price 
30s. net. 
(5) Index  Kewensis. Plantarum 
gamarum. Supplementum Quartum. 
1g10.) Ductu et Consilio D. Prain. 
By Dr. Oscar 
Phanero- 
(1906— 
Pe 92. 
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913.) Price 36s. 
net. 
(1) R. FERNAND PELOURDE, prépara- 
teur at the National Museum of Natural 
History, is publishing, under the auspices of the 
Encyclopédie Scientifique, an account of palzo- 
botany in accordance with present knowledge. 
In this, the first volume, he deals with cellular 
and vascular cryptogams; in two subsequent 
volumes he will deal with gymnosperms and 
angiosperms, and will also formulate general 
conclusions from botanical and geological points 
of view. M. R. Zeiller, to whom the volume is 
dedicated, has written the preface. The text 
comprises a short introduction on the methods of 
preservation of fossil plants and a classified list 
NO. 2330, VOL. 93| 
| as an adaptation to climatic phases. 
of geological strata. The great plant-groups are 
then studied in order beginning with bacteriacee, 
including reference to their work in formation 
of coal. The chapter on the cellular cryptogams 
occupies only twenty-two pages, but the reader 
is -referred to numerous papers dealing especially 
with fossil alge. The groups of vascular crypto- 
gams are considered in the following order : equi- 
setales, sphenophyllales, lycopodiales, filicales. 
The little volume, which presupposes some know- 
ledge of general botany, especially anatomy, gives 
a somewhat condensed review of the subject, but 
will enable the student of botany to form an idea 
of the present position of our knowledge of the 
groups considered so far as concerns extinct 
forms. A useful feature is the bibliography which 
follows the subject matter. 
(2) Dr. Oscar Drude’s handbook on the ecology 
of plants forms one of the “ Die Wissenschaft” 
series of volumes on natural science and _ tech- 
nique. In 1904 Dr. Drude was invited to lecture 
before the International Science Congress at St. 
Louis on the development and position in modern 
science of botanical ecology and_ the present 
volume is an outcome of the work done in that 
connection. The subject is considered under four 
headings. Section I. is entitled “Die physiog- 
nomischen Lebensformen der Pflanzen.” The 
author first gives a _ historical review of the 
attempts to classify plants according to their 
“physiognomic”’—a term originated by Hum- 
boldt—relations, that is to say, their general 
structure and manner of growth as determined by 
the external conditions to which they are subjected. 
After discussing the principles underlying such 
a system, he proposes a system of classification 
of plants based on their habit. Vascular plants 
are arranged in two great groups: I. Aerophytes, 
and II. Hydrophiles and Hydrophytes. The 
former includes thirty-eight classes, beginning 
with (1) monocotyledonous ‘“ Schopfhaume ”’— 
the palm, pandanus, and xanthorrhcea type, em- 
bodying a pillar-like stem bearing a crown of 
leaves followed by (2) palm-bush type and palm 
lianes, (3) short-stemmed dwarf palms, (4) tree- 
ferns and cycads, (5) conifer-type, followed by the 
various types of dicotyledonous woody plants, 
climbers, epiphytes, perennial and _ short-lived 
herbaceous types, etc., concluding with sapro- 
phytes and parasites. Waterplants include six 
classes and cellular plants twelve. 
Section IIJ., entitled climatic influences, perio- 
dicity, and leaf-character, deals with nutrition as 
a function of the leaf, and periodicity in plant-life 
Section III., 
“Physiographic Ecology, discusses _ briefly 
various factors which determine the formation of 
” 
