NA TURE 



[November 3, 1904 



than 17 per cent, occur the population is termed blond, 

 where more than 30 per cent. dark. 



According to this grouping the two extremes are the 

 Swedish (3 per cent, brunettes) and southern Italy (70 per 

 cent.). From this point of view the map showed that north 

 Europe was mainly blond, South Europe dark, and Central 

 Europe intermediate. He traced the southern limit of the 

 blond races through the various countries, shownig that it 

 now-here reached below the 50th parallel in Central Europe, 

 and below 55th parallel in Britain and Russia. The northern 

 limit of the dark peoples is more irregular. In the inter- 

 mediate zone blond areas are rare (one of these occur in 

 south England, i.e. Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Hampshire, 

 Sussex and Middlesex), dark areas fairly numerous, but 

 individually very small. Intermediate areas in the blond 

 zone are only found in the British Isles, but in the dark 

 zone are fairly frequent in western Europe. 



From these data and certain other considerations relating 

 to shape of face and nose, character of hair, &c.. Dr. 

 Deniker had been confirmed in his theory that the present 

 population of Europe is composed of six main races. These 

 he proceeded to enumerate, giving their typical character- 

 istics, tracing their positions throughout the map, and 

 indicating the proportions in which they had intermingled 

 to form the existing populations of the various countries. 

 The following is an abbreviated sketch of his classifi- 

 cation : — 



(i) A race, blond, wavy-haired, long-headed, very tall, 

 with long face, a straight prominent nose ; the northern 

 race, so called because its representatives are confined almost 

 exclusively to North Europe, this is the Cymric race of 

 Broca, the Germanic or Reihengraber race of German 

 authors, the Teutonic race of Ripley, or the Homo Euro- 

 paeus of Lapouge. 



With this race is connected a subrace, blond or inter- 

 mediate, straight-haired, medium-headed, of tall or medium 

 stature, angular face, and retronssii nose, the subnorthern 

 race, found in the neighbourhood of the northern. 



(2) A race blond, straight-haired, moderately short- 

 headed, and of short stature, broad square face, nose often 

 retrousse ; the Eastern race, so named since its principal 

 home is in eastern Europe. 



Connected with this is a subrace, blond or intermediate, 

 medium-headed, of very short stature, named the Vistiiliaii 

 race, occurring in Poland, parts of Prussia, and probably 

 Saxony and Silesia. 



(3) A race dark, hair sometimes curly, long-headed, of 

 very short stature, straight or retroussi nose ; the Ibero- 

 insular race. This is the Mediterranean race, or Homo 

 Mediterraniensis of cei'tain authors, found chiefly in the 

 Iberian Peninsula and the islands of the western 

 Mediterranean. 



(4) A race dark, very short and round headed, of short 

 stature, round face, broad nose, and thick-set body ; the 

 Cevenole or western race. This type occurs in its greatest 

 purity in the extreme west of Europe, though found 

 sporadically elsewhere. This is the race called variously 

 by other authors Celtic, Celto-Ligurian, Celto-Slavonic, 

 Sarmatian, Rhetian, Ligurian, or Homo .ilpinus. 



(5) A race very dark, moderately long-headed, and fairly 

 tall ; the Littoral, or Atlanta-Mediterranean race, situated 

 on the coast of the Mediterranean, from Gibraltar to the 

 Tiber, and in occasional groups on the Atlantic Littoral, 

 but never more than 150 miles from the sea. 



(6) A race dark, short-headed, tall, nose slender and 

 straight or arched ; the .Adriatic or Dinaric race, which is 

 found grouped round the northern Adriatic, particularly in 

 Bosnia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and the centre of the Balkan 

 Peninsula, but found also sporadically and with somewhat 

 modified characteristics in Central Europe. 



With the last two races are connected two secondary 

 races, which are perhaps no more than types, produced by 

 the admixture of the two former with each other or with 

 the northern, subnorthern, and western races. 



(a) The north-western, long- or medium-headed, situated 

 between the northern and Atlanto-Mediterranean races, 

 spread chiefly in Ireland. 



(6) The sub-.-\driatic, moderately short-headed, more 

 rarely short-headed, of medium stature, found in many 

 parts of Central Europe, probably the result of admixture 

 between the Adriatic and subnorthern and western races. 



NO. 1827, VOL. 71] 



T 



REPORT OF THE SURVEY OF I SDH. 

 HE Indian Survey report is a full record of useful 



work and widespread progress, but it lacks some of 

 the interest which used to attach formerly to the very varied 

 character of the work undertaken by the Survey department- 

 The scientific section of the report is included w-ithin th 

 limits of a few pages ; and the narratives of individual- 

 surveyors (which always formed a most interesting chaptei 

 or two) have entirely disappeared. 



The main work of the department, now, is the revision ol 

 old mapping in districts which have been sorely in need of"" 

 such revision for many years. The plains of India, in fact, 

 are being re-surveyed, and, on the whole, the work of the 

 department is increasing, rather than diminishing, on purely 

 utilitarian lines. It would almost seem as if the days of 

 Indian geodetic triangulation, which once took such a stl'ong 

 lead amongst the scientific triangulations of the world, 

 were numbered. Only one first-class series is in progress 

 at present, and this is to connect the great meridional 

 Mandalay series of Burma with a future extension follow- 

 ing the Salwin valley. It is, however, satisfactory that the 

 practice and training necessary for surveyors in this class 

 of work is well maintained so -^ar, for it is impossible to 

 say what the future may demand in the way of similar 

 extensions in Persia, Tibet, or even in China. 



One subject of special interest dealt with in the report is 

 the deflection of gravity. In 1901 a theory was advanced 

 by Major Burrard that deflections of gravity in India could 

 be classified by regions. Astronomical determinations of 

 latitude have therefore been carried systematically through 

 considerable arcs to prove whether this theory were sound. 

 The results undoubtedly support Major Burrard 's predic- 

 tion, and it is expected that the substitution of this regional 

 law for the old theory of local attraction will exercise a pro- 

 found influence on future investigations. 



The report on geographical or reconnaissance surveys (on 

 the scale of 1/500,000) includes an out-turn of 38,000 square 

 miles of survey of this class by one native assistant in 

 western Tibet. This seems a remarkably large out-turn for 

 one surveyor to secure during the progress of a " shooting 

 expedition " ; but it is only one instance amongst many of the 

 remarkable capacity of well trained native explorers for 

 work of this nature. In reasonably easy country there seems 

 to be hardly any limit to their power of producing fairly 

 accurate geographical maps so long as they have a few 

 fi-xed points to work upon. 



In this connection it is well to note the remarks of the 

 Surveyor-General (Colonel St. G. Gore) on the difficulty 

 that constantly faces him of finding qualified native 

 assistants to meet the demands of military or political 

 missions or geographical expeditions. He most justly 

 observes that in the first place it is difticult to find the men 

 who possess the necessary qualifications, and in the second 

 that, having found them, it is impossible to train them 

 efliciently in country which is unsuitable for instruction. 

 It is due to a combination of natural aptitude with perfect 

 educational environment that the native explorer of the 

 Indian Survey becomes so extraordinarily efliicient as a topo- 

 grapher. If these men are wanted (and they are wanted) 

 for Imperial duty over half of the continents of Africa and 

 Asia, it seems but fair that the Imperial Treasury should 

 contribute something towards maintaining a sufficient staff 

 to meet all demands. T. H. H. 



UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 

 INTELLIGENCE. 



Cambridge. — The State Medicine Syndicate reports that 

 during the current year there were 57 candidates for the 

 diploma in public health, of whom 34 were successful. For 

 the diploma in tropical medicine and hygiene there were 

 12 candidates, of whom 8 were successful. The syndicate 

 has resolved to hold two examinations for the latter 

 diploma in 1905, the first beginning on January 10, the 

 second on August 8. 



.'\pplications for the vacant readership in botany (annual 

 stipend 300/.) are to be sent to the Vice-Chancellor by 

 Tuesday, November 15. 



Mr. R. H. Lock, late Frank Smart student in botany. 

 has been elected to a Drosier fellowship at Gonville and 



