February 9, 1905] 



NA rURE 



357 



Scotch Education Department, Prof. Sadler's report on 

 secondary education in Liverpool, and other publications. 

 Men of science would do well to note what is given as the 

 sum and substance of official activity in education since the 

 passing of the recent Education Act. The writer says, 

 "If we were asked to describe in one word the whole 

 tendency of English education as manifested at the present 

 time, we should speak of a humanistic renaissance." And 

 again later, " English education, we believe, is working 

 round to the humanistic ideal." Literary studies are in- 

 cluded in every satisfactory scheme of elementary and 

 secondary education, and the man of science recognises 

 fully the value of the humanities in the work of schools 

 and colleges. But whatever " humanistic renaissance " 

 there may be dawning upon the world of education, it is 

 to be hoped that the danger of a return to the conditions 

 of fifty years ago, when instruction in the methods of 

 science was unknown in our schools, and no opportunity 

 to become acquainted with natural objects was offered, will 

 be borne in mind by all education committees and other 

 authorities. 



The Hon. Maude Lawrence has been appointed to a newly- 

 established post of Chief Woman Inspector under the Board 

 of Education. Miss Lawrence will direct a staff of women 

 inspectors of special qualifications and varied experience, 

 who will assist the Board in dealing with many questions 

 for the treatment of which they have hitherto been some- 

 what imperfectly equipped. Instruction in various domestic 

 subjects, such as needlework, cookery, laundry work, 

 household management, and hygiene, has for some time 

 past been given under the regulations of the Board for 

 schools of different grades. But the report of the Inter- 

 Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration points 

 to the need of a reform in the methods now commonly 

 employed in the teaching of these subjects. It is con- 

 sidered that this instruction has been less effective than it 

 should have been, because it has been too theoretical and 

 has not been kept sufficiently in touch with the needs 

 and habits of daily life. The new branch of the in- 

 spectorate will be employed to assist local authorities in 

 providing, as part of their educational system, ample oppor- 

 tunities for girls of various ages to obtain a training for 

 home life simple, practical, and adapted, where necessary, 

 to the special c.rcumstances of each locality. There are 

 also many questions of importance involving th^ national 

 physique, as affected by the studies, the life, and the 

 treatment of children, and especially of very young children, 

 from day to day in elementary schools, which women 

 inspectors are specially qualified to investigate and to 

 advise upon. 



The council of the Association of Technical Institutions 

 has published its report of an inquiry, undertaken in May, 

 1904, as to the conditions of admission to evening classes 

 in tedmical institutions and evening continuation schools 

 throughout the country. The council considers that the 

 returns and e.xpert opinions recorded in this report justify 

 the following conclusions : — (i) That it is undesirable to 

 establish any general system of free admission to evening 

 continuation schools, or of free admission or admission 

 at specially reduced fees to evening classes in technical 

 institutions. (2) That it is unnecessary to grant entirely 

 free admission, to evening classes in technical institutions, 

 to any special class or body of students or workers engaged 

 in skilled industries, such as apprentices or persons under 

 twenty-one years oi age. (3) That there is need for the 

 establishment in all technical institutions of sufficient" free 

 studentships " or " scholarships " to secure the admission 

 of all qualified and deserving students who are unable, by 

 reason of their limited means, to pay the usual class fees 

 without more sacrifice than should reasonably be expected 

 of them. The plan to secure information adopted by the 

 council was to issue a letter and form of inquiry to the 

 education authorities and technical institutions throughout 

 the United Kingdom asking for information as to the 

 existence of the following conditions of admission to evening 

 classes : (a) entirely free, (b) at less than normal fee, 

 (c) by scholarships, (d) by arrangement with employers. 

 Replies were received with reference to sixty evening con- 

 tinuation school areas and from eighty-three technical in- 

 stitutions. Of the technical institutions, fifty-five are not 



NO. I 84 I, VOL. 71] 



in favour of free admission, and one only in favour of it. 

 The remaining institutions gave no definite answer. 

 Thirty-eight education committees are against free ad- 

 mission to evening continuation schools, two are in favour 

 of it, sixteen expressed no opinion, and four suggest 

 scholarships. 



SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES. 

 London. 



Royal Society, November 24, 1904. — " The Flow of Water 

 through Pipes. — Experiments on Stream-line Motion and 

 the Measurement of Critical Velocity." By Dr. H. T. 

 Barnes and Dr. E. G. Coker. Communicated by Prof. 

 Osborne Reynolds, F.R.S. 



In a brief note published in the Physical Review (vol. xii. 

 p. 372, 1901), the authors described a thermal method of 

 observing the change from stream-line to eddy motion for 

 water flowing through pipes of different diameters. 



The impossibility of heating a column of water uniformly 

 throughout while flowing in stream-line motion has been 

 previously observed. It was shown that, when water is 

 heated electrically while flowing through a tube of two or 

 three millimetres diameter by a central wire conductor, 

 the heat is carried off by the rapidly moving stream, which 

 forms a cloak of hot water around the wire, and leaves the 

 walls of the tube almost entirely unheated. 



The change from stream-line to eddy motion can be very 

 clearly observed in a tube heated on the outside, since the 

 temperature of the emerging stream immediately increases 

 when the flow rises above the critical point. The point of 

 change is very sharp, and the disappearance of the stream- 

 lines instantaneous. 



It is clear from a study of the work of Osborne Reynolds 

 that the change from stream-line to eddy motion may take 

 place within a wide range of velocities. Critical velocity 

 is measured in two ways : either by observing the velocity 

 at which the stream-lines break up into eddies, or by 

 obtaining the velocity at which the eddies from initially 

 disturbed water do not become smoothed out into stream- 

 lines in a long uniform pipe. The first change may be 

 at any velocitv within certain limits depending on the 

 initial steadiness of the inflowing water, while in the 

 second, the change can take place at only one velocity. 



Osborne Reynolds's experiments were carried out by the 

 method of colour bands in a long rectangular tank. By 

 using a very much larger tank under a high head of water 

 the authors were able to obtain a higher degree of steadi- 

 ness than was obtained in the comparatively small tank 

 used by Reynolds. A large number of experiments were 

 obtained, an account of which forms the main part of the 

 present paper. 



Briefly, the result of the work may be summarised as 

 follows : — 



(i) The attainment of exceedingly high velocities of 

 stream-line flow for certain sizes of pipes fed by perfectly 

 quiet water under a high head. 



(2) The re-formation of stream-lines in certain cases after 

 eddies had formed, with a subsequent breaking up of the 

 stream-lines at a very much higher velocity. 



(3) A small divergence from the law of the change in 

 viscosity with temperature for the upper-limit of stream- 

 line flow. 



(4) A verification of the viscosity temperature law for the 

 lower-limit of stream-line flow by separate methods. 



January ig. — " Further Histological Studies on the 

 Localisation of Cerebral Function. — The Brains of Felis, 

 Canis, and Sus compared with that of Homo." By Dr. 

 A. W. Campbell. Communicated by Prof. Sherrington, 

 F.R.S. 



This addendum to a work on cerebral localisation, pre- 

 sented by the same author to the Royal Society in 

 November, 1903, aims at elucidating certain obscure func- 

 tional analogies and structural homologies pertaining to 

 the brain. 



The points emphasised are as follows : — Giant cells 

 characterise the cortex of the lower mammalian cruciate 

 zone, and this represents the motor area, as defined by 

 Profs. Sherrington and Griinbaum in the anthropoid ape, 



