NoOvEMBER 29, 1906 | 
NALORE 
119 
that the addition of a soluble phosphate to yeast-juice 
containing glucose increases the rate of fermentation, which 
proceeds until an extra amount of carbon dioxide 
(equivalent, molecule for molecule, to the phosphate added) 
has been evolved. The phosphate at the same time under- 
goes a change which renders it non-precipitable by mag- 
nesia mixture. When an equivalent amount of arsenate 
is substituted for the phosphate, a similar acceleration is 
produced, but the rate is greatly increased, and continues 
for a time without change until many times the equivalent 
of carbon dioxide has been evolved, and then falls 
gradually.—Xanthoxalanil and its analogues: S. Ruhe- 
mann.—Derivatives of cyanodihydrocarvone and _ cyano- 
carvomenthone: A. Lapworth.—Reactions involving the 
addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbon compounds, 
part vi., the action of potassium cyanide on pulegone: 
R. W. L. Clarke and A. Lapworth.—The influence of 
various substituents on the optical activity of tartramide, 
part ii, P. F. Frankland and D. F. Twiss. The 
authors have prepared and described the n- and_iso- 
propylamides, the allylamide, the n- and iso-butylamides, 
and the n-heptylamide of tartaric acid—The influence of 
various substituents on the optical activity of malamide: 
P. F. Frankland and E. Done. The authors described 
the preparation and properties of the methylamide, ethyl- 
amide, and isopropylamide, allylamide, and isobutylamide, 
n-heptylamide, piperidide, and phenylhydrazide of ordinary 
l-malic acid. 
Royal Meteorological Society, November 21.—The 
abnormal weather of the past summer and some of its 
effects: W. Marriott. The principal features of the 
weather over the greater part of England—especially the 
south-east—were the high state of the barometer through- 
out the whole of the period, except a portion of August ; 
the high temperature in July, August, and September ; 
the great amount of sunshine; and the deficiency of rain- 
fall. Over the south-eastern portion of England more 
than go00 hours of bright sunshine were recorded during 
the four months June to September, while at a few stations 
in the extreme south and on the east coast more than 
1000 hours were recorded. The sunshine was more than 
200 hours above the average over the Thames basin and 
on the coasts of Lancashire and North Wales. The most 
remarkable feature of the weather during the past summer 
was the exceptional heat wave which occurred between 
August 30 and September 3. The temperature rose above 
go° over a large part of England on four consecutive days, 
viz. August 31 to September 3. With the advent of the 
hot weather the death-rate increased considerably, and it 
was pointed out that when the mean maximum temperature 
for the week reached 72° the death-rate at once began 
to rise. The increase of the death-rate was made up 
almost entirely of infants under one year of age. This 
was shown to be due to the prevalence of infantile epidemic 
diarrhoea, which sets in when the mean maximum tempera- 
ture for the week rises above 72°.—The International 
Congress on Polar Exploration held at Brussels in 
September: Dr. H. R. Mill. 
Mineralogical Societv, November 13 —Prof H. A. Miers, 
F.R.S., president, in the chair.—Growth of crystals of 
soluble salts on each other: T. V. Barker. This paper is 
a continuation of the author’s previous work on the 
growths of salts on isostructural minerals to those of 
soluble isomorphous salts on each other. The group now 
investigated is that of the chlorides, bromides, iodides, and 
cyanides of Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Am, which crystallise in 
the cubic system. The view previously entertained that 
parallel growths are conditioned by a similarity of mole- 
cular volume is again found to hold good; some apparent 
exceptions are explained by the presence of isodimorphism. 
One pair of salts, however, NaClI-KI, yield parallel 
growths, although the molecular volumes are greatly 
different ; this is perhaps to be accounted for by the fact 
that the molecular volumes are almost exactly in the 
ratio 1:2.—Notes on some Bolivian minerals: L. J. 
Spencer. Descriptions are given of crystallised jame- 
sonite, semseyite from Oruro, new crystal forms on 
andorite, chalcostibite from Oruro, augelite from Oruro, 
vivianite from Tatasi and Tasna, tetrahedrite from 
Wuanchaca, regular grouping of stannite and_ tertra- 
hedrite, valentinite,  cassiterite, tourmaline and _ tour- 
NO. 1935, VOL. 75] 
; maline-hornfels, 
fluor, apatite, cupriferous miargyrite 
crystallised miargyrite from Aullagas, 
chalybite from Chorolque and 
Tatasi, enargite from Chorolque.—Note on _ ilmenite 
from Brazil: G. F. Herbert Smith. The crystals 
have three habits, cam, camrX, cnXrs, differing slightly 
from those described from the same locality by Hussak. 
The hemihedrism is shown by striations on the prism 
faces; some magnesium is present.—Description of the 
Lengenbach Quarry and of the minerals found there in 
1906: R. H. Solly. The now well-known quarry was 
opened about the year 1850, and various new minerals 
were described by Des Cloizeaux and others. From 
1860-70 a level was driven in a direction at right angles 
to the stream, and in it were found the specimens de- 
scribed by Vom Rath. In the decade 1890-1900 a little 
work was done each summer, resulting in the specimens 
studied by Baumhauer. Since 1900 Francis Jentsch and 
his partners have worked the quarry regularly each 
summer. In 1902 they came across the old tunnel con- 
structed in 1731, the existence of which had been quite 
forgotten. Up to 1898 eighteen mineral species had been 
found, of which four are peculiar to the quarry; since 
that date twenty-five additional species, of which no fewer 
than twenty are new to science, have come to light. Nine 
of the new species have been named, two are pseudo- 
morphs, and nine, owing to paucity of material, have not 
yet been described. The minerals found this year include 
trechmannite (fine crystals), baumbhauerite (curiously 
striated and distorted crystals), seligmannite (a large 
crystal 20 mm. in length), jordanite (a twin about 301), 
dufrenoysite (a twin about 001), pseudomorphs of dolomite 
and baumhauerite after scapolite (?)—Note on the thirty- 
two classes of symmetry: H. Hilton.—-Note on a Canadian 
mineral: Prof. Harrington.—Specimens of turnerite from 
Cornwall were exhibited by Mr. Russell, and crystals of 
sartorite by Dr. Trechmann. 
Dusiin. 
Royal Irish Academy, November 12.—Prof. F. A. 
Tarleton, president, in the chair.—The stability or in- 
stability of the steady motions of a perfect liquid and of 
a viscous liquid; part i., a perfect liquid: Prof. W. McF. 
Orr. It is known experimentally that when water flows 
through a. circular pipe the steady motion is unstable if , 
the velocity exceed a limit depending on the radius of the 
pipe. Lord Rayleigh has proved mathematically that in 
this case, as well as in others of flow in plane sheets, 
including that of a liquid which is shearing uniformly, the 
fundamental modes of ‘‘ free disturbance ’’ are stable, when 
viscosity is ignored in the disturbed motion, the free 
periods being real. There is thus an apparent contradic- 
tion between theory and experiment. It is, however, con- 
trary to the teaching of Fourier analysis to infer that a 
general disturbance is stable from the fact that the “‘ free _ 
disturbances ’’ possess stability, even of an exponential 
type. In a system disturbed from equilibrium, the ques- | 
tion of stability is in reality decided by an energy criterion 
which is, as a rule, inapplicable to questions of the stability 
of motion. If a liquid bounded by the infinite planes 
y=o, y=b, and shearing uniformly in the direction, of x, 
is subjected to an initial disturbance for which the stream 
function is w=sinlxsin my, it appears that, if mb. and 
m/l are each large, the disturbance, as shown by equa- 
tions in which only terms of the first order of. small . 
quantities are retained, increases in a great ratio as a, 
certain time approaches, after which it diminishes in- 
definitely. A similar result is obtained for a symmetrical 
disturbance of simple type in a circular pipe when the 
steady motion is that of a viscous liquid. When the 
steady motion is that of a viscous liquid between con- 
centric cylinders, one or both of which is rotating, a 
similar result also holds for a two-dimensional disturbance 
(except the liquid rotates as a rigid body). It is held that 
these results afford an explanation of the observed in- 
stabilities as satisfactory as can be expected from an 
investigation which ignores viscosity.—A theorem on 
moving distributions of electricity: Prof. A. W. Conway. 
The integrals which express the electric and magnetic 
forces for a moving distribution in terms of retarded 
potentials are discussed, and it is proved that they obey 
Maxwell’s equations outside the electrical matter, but that 
from  Tatasi, 
jarosite from Chocaya, 
