DECEMBER 27, 1906] 
NATURE 215 
Moreover, as it may be supposed that what one species 
of trypanosome does another may do, the encystation seen 
in T. grayi arouses the suspicion that the disappearance 
of T. gambiense from the gut of the fly may be due also 
to a similar cause. 
Society of Chemical Industry, December 3.—Dr. J. 
Lewkowitsch in the chair.—The direct estimation of 
antimony : H. W. Rowell. The sample of finely powdered 
ore or fine metallic sawings containing about 0-14 gram of 
antimony is weighed into a 500 c.c. beaker and dissolved 
in 25 c.c. of strong hydrochloric acid. 5 c.c. of saturated 
solution of bromine in hydrochloric acid are run in, and 
any insoluble matter is fused in caustic soda and returned 
to the main bulk. Three grams of sodium sulphite are 
added, and the mixture boiled down to 10 c.c. to drive off 
sulphurous acid and arsenic. The solution is titrated at a 
boiling temperature, after the addition of 60 c.c. of hydro- 
chloric acid (1-3), with N/2o potassium bromate until the 
colour of the methyl orange indicator is destroyed. The 
bromate is standardised with o-o82 gram of arsenious oxide 
dissolved in hydrochloric acid, which is equivalent to 
o-1 gram of antimony. Copper raises the result slightly, 
and iron very slightly, but precautions are given for 
obviating their effect. The method may be applied to 
materials containing antimony, and examples are given 
illustrating the accuracy of the method, the effect of copper 
and variations in samples of alloys.—The detannisation of 
solutions in the analysis of tanning materials: Dr. J. 
Gordon Parker and H. Garner Bennett. The authors 
deal with the four chief methods used for the analysis of 
tanning materials and extracts, and compare the official 
method of the International Association of Leather Trades 
Chemists, which consists of detannisation by means of a 
column of prepared hide-powder in a specially made filter 
bell, with the German method, with the method devised 
by Kopecky, and, finally, with the official American 
method. The authors confirm the work that has been done 
by Reed and other American chemists, and disprove the 
claims made by Paessler that a dry chromed hide-powder 
used in the filter bell gives the most accurate results. The 
authors finally recommend that the International Associ- 
ation of Leather Trades Chemists should at once adopt 
the American method, either as it now officially stands or 
in a modified form. 
Geological Society, December 5.—Sir Archibald 
Geikie, Sec.R.S., president, in the chair—The geological 
conditions which have contributed to the success of the 
artesian boring for ‘water at Lincoln: Prof. E. Hull. 
This boring has its source of supply in strata which rise 
to the west, but to the east dip down towards the North 
Sea. The water-yielding stratum is reddish, soft, porous, 
sand-rock, reached at a depth of 1561 feet, and penetrated 
to a depth of 474 feet. About one million gallons of water 
rise to the surface daily. The sand-rock belongs to the 
New Red Sandstone. The hydraulic pressure at the bottom 
of the boring is that due to about 2035 feet, and the fric- 
tion of the water in percolating the rock accounts for the 
fact that the water can be pumped down during the day, 
but rises again in the night. The formations penetrated 
are :—Alluvium and Lower Lias, 641 feet; Rhztic beds, 
52 feet; Red Marl and Lower Keuper Sandstone, 868 feet ; 
Bunter Sandstone, 454 feet. The quantity of water drawn 
from the New Red Sandstone amounts to not less than 
twenty million gallons, and the total available quantity of 
water percolating into the Sandstone amounts to about 
300 millions.—Notes on the raised beaches of Taltal 
(northern Chile): O. H. Evans. The town of Taltal is 
situated partly on the dry bed of a river and partly on 
an inclined plain that fringes the bays of the coastal ranges 
to the northward, and runs up the valleys. The material 
of this plain consists of sands and rounded gravel derived 
from the rocks of the adjacent hills, mingled with shells 
and some isolated boulders. The formation is impregnated 
with salt, and there protrude through it weathered remnants 
of former stacks and islets. The plain rises in terraces, 
the highest of which are somewhat obscure, and sometimes 
portions of these higher terraces are preserved in the stacks 
and islets. A second coastal shelf also occurs, marked by 
NO. 1939, VOL. 75] 
a line of shallow caverns. Beds of shells in the gravel, 
containing whale-bones, give evidence of the marine origin 
of the terraces. 
Chemical Society, December 6.—Prof R. Meldola, 
F.R.S., in the chair.—Action of reducing agents on 
5-chloro-3-keto-1 : 1-dimethyl-A*-tetrahydrobenzene: A. W. 
Crossley and Miss N. Renouf. Sodium in moist ethereal 
solution gives, as main product, 3-hydroxy-1 : 1-dimethyl- 
hexahydrobenzene, whereas sodium in absolute alcoholic 
solution yields a small amount of this alcohol, and to a 
much larger extent 3-hydroxy-5-ethoxy : 1 : 1-dimethylhexa- 
hydrobenzene. With zinc filings in aqueous solution, either 
in the cold or on heating, 3-keto-1 : 1-dimethyl-A*-tetra- 
hydrobenzene is formed, but zinc dust in either glacial or 
dilute acetic acid gives rise to 3-keto-1 : 1-dimethylhexa- 
hydrobenzene.—A new trinitroacetaminophenol and its use 
as a synthetical agent: R. Meldola. Mononitrodiacetyl- 
aminophenol, when dissolved in a mixture of fuming nitric 
and strong sulphuric acids, yields 2:3: 5-trinitro-p- 
acetaminophenol, which is remarkably active as a synthe- 
tical agent owing to the extreme mobility of one (position 3) 
of the nitro-groups. By the action of various amines on 
the trinitro-compound, substituted benziminazoles are pro- 
duced.—Pinene nitrolamine: F. P. Leach. This nitro- 
lamine and a number of its derivatives are described.— 
A pseudo-semicarbazide from pinene: F. P. Leach.—Some 
derivatives of benzophenone. Synthesis of substances occur- 
ring in coto-bark. Preliminary notice: W. H. Perkin, 
jun., and R. Robinson. 2:4:6:3' : 4’-Pentamethoxy- 
benzophenone, (MeO),C,H,.CO.C,H,(OMe), (pentamethyl- 
maclurin), is obtained when aluminium chloride reacts with 
a mixture of veratryl chloride and phloroglucinol trimethyl 
ether in presence of carbon disulphide. 3’ : 4’-Methylene- 
dioxy-2 : 4 : 6-trimethoxybenzophenone, 
CH, : O, : C,H,.CO.G,H,(OMe), 
(oxyleucotin), was synthesised by treating a mixture of 
piperonyl chloride and phloroglucinol trimethyl ether in 
carbon disulphide solution with aluminium chloride. The 
syntheses of other related products by similar reactions are 
also described.—The liquid volume of a dissolved substance : 
J. S. Lumsden. Experimental results are recorded which 
prove that the following law holds, though certain irregu- 
larities due to the influence of the solvent exist. When a 
substance in the liquid state dissolves without change of 
volume, the same substance when in the state of solid or 
gas will, when dissolved in the same solvent, change to 
the volume which the same weight of it would have if it 
were a pure liquid at the temperature of solution.—A 
synthesis of terebic, terpenylic, and homoterpenylic acids : 
J. L. Simonsen. These three acids were synthesised from 
ethyl acetylsuccinate, ethyl B-acetylglutarate, and ethyl 
B-acetyladipate respectively by means of magnesium methyl 
iodide.—Influence of light on diazo-reactions, part i.: 
K. J. P. Orton, J. E. Coates, and (in part) F. Burdett. 
Solutions of diazonium salts in water, methyl or ethyl 
alcohol, acetic or formic acid, decompose rapidly on ex- 
posure to light, the product of the reaction depending on 
the solyent—The viscosity of liquid mixtures: A. 
Dunstan and R. W. Wilson. Viscosity concentration 
curves of mixtures of water and sulphuric acid show a 
well-defined maximum point corresponding with 
H.SO,,H,O, and a minimum corresponding with 
SHES ORaktn@. 
Linnean Society, December 6.—Prof. A. W. Herdman, 
F.R.S., president, in the chair.—The physiology of the 
museum beetle, Anthrenus museorum (Linn.), Fabr.: Prof. 
A. J. Ewart. The mischief wrought by this species in 
the National Herbarium at Melbourne is great, and is only 
kept in check by systematic use of a chamber impregnated 
by the vapour of carbon-bisulphide, in which the plants 
are placed for several days at a time. The use of corrosive 
sublimate is not advisable owing to the grave danger to 
health in a dust-forming atmosphere. The most remark- 
able feature of the larve is their power of feeding on dry 
material with less than 9 per cent. of water, and yet these 
larvze exhibit the usual amount in their structure, averaging 
70 per cent. The author suggests that the water may be 
