JANUARY 17, 1907] 
NATURE 
233 
names might as legitimately be transferred to the latter 
as many of the names in use in the Alps and elsewhere. 
An interesting point brought out is the fact that all the 
snowy massifs lie on the main water-parting of the range. 
As regards its geology, the theory of a volcanic origin may 
be absolutely excluded, there being only one spot in the 
whole upper region at which even local traces of basaltic 
veins were seen. The evolution of the range may be 
ascribed to (1) an upheaval en masse of a portion of the 
Archzean floor of Central Africa; (2) to a highly accentuated 
anticlinal uplift, ellipsoid in form, with strata more or 
less tilted in the central group; (3) the presence in this 
of a series of rocks (amphibolites, diorites, &c.) far more 
resistant than the gneisses and mica-schists of the outer 
ranges. Evident traces were seen of the enormous develop- 
ment of glaciers in the Ice age, while at present they are 
of the second order only, on the upper slopes and in the 
larger ravines. They are all, at the present moment, in 
retreat. The snow-line seems to be at about 14,400 feet. 
Among other results of the expedition, various new species 
of birds, molluses, insects, crustacea, &c., were collected, 
though the fauna of the upper region was naturally poor. 
The Duke showed a praiseworthy caution in identifying 
behind Arequipa, and ascended the main Chachani summit 
to an altitude of 18,000 feet, being satisfied that the ascent 
could be completed. In January, 1892, Prof. Pickering 
established a station at the Chachani Ravine at an altitude 
of 16,650 feet. An attempt was made in December to 
start station on the main summit, but when Prof. 
Pickering and Mr. Goodair reached a height of 18,800 feet 
the Indians who were carrying the instruments and 
baggage deserted, and the attempt failed. The Chachani 
Ravine station was visited about once a month during 
1892, and discontinued in 1893. 
In October, 1893, a station was erected on the summit 
of the Misti Volcano, and in December another lower 
down on the eastern flank, the altitudes being 19,200 feet 
and 15,600 feet respectively. In 1895 observations were 
also taken at an altitude of 13,300 feet. 
These stations constituted a chain from the sea coast 
over the western Cordilleras, and in order to continue this 
chain across the Andes, Prof. Solon I. Bailey, in July, 
1894, started a station at Cuzco, in the valley between the 
western and eastern Cordilleras. The instruments were 
established in the yard of brewery, and one of the 
a 
a 
é 
employees commenced observations in July. 
The Metzorvlogical Station at the Chachani Ravine (16,650 feet). 
the range with the ‘‘ Mountains of the Moon,”’ in spite of 
the obvious allurements of the notion, to which so many 
of his predecessors have succumbed. { 
At the conclusion of the address the King, in a short | 
speech, expressed the thanks of the assembly to the Duke, 
whom he congratulated upon his successful expeditions in 
tropical and polar regions. 
METEOROLOGY IN. PERU: 
JN 1892 Prof. W. H. Pickering and others of the staff 
of the Arequipa Observatory were trying to establish 
meteorological stations in Peru, a region which up to the | 
present has not been very well represented in meteor- | 
ological observations. The meteorological station at 
Mollendo had been discontinued during 1890 and 1891, but 
observations were resumed there and at Arequipa during 
the early part of 1892, and in March a station was estab- | 
lished at La Joya, a town midway between these two 
places. 
In December, 1891, Messrs. Douglas and Goodair 
made a journey of inspection past the Chachani Ravine, 
1 aa Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College.” 
XXxix., part ii., Periivian Meteorology, 1892-s. 
NO. 1942. VOL 
Vol. 
By Prof. Solon L. Bailey. 
Cad 
ie) 
| graphs and thermographs, 
After an unsuccessful attempt to secure a station to the 
east of Cuzco, Prof. Bailey went on northward, using 
mules and encountering many difficulties on the way. 
Very often the shelters and instruments had to be carried 
by hand under the low branches of trees and overhanging 
rocks, which would otherwise have struck them from the 
backs of the mules. At Santa Ana Prof. Bailey met one 
of the estate owners, who willingly agreed to make the 
observations in his own grounds, and did so_ for 
than a year. 
The various stations 
more 
were all fitted with Richard barc- 
standard and maximum and 
minimum thermometers, &c. Observations were also mace 
of rainfall, clouds, winds, and of occasional phenomena. 
At Mollendo, La Joya, and Cuzco observations were 
made at 8 a.m., 2 p.m., and 8 p.m. each day, but at 
Santa Ana only at 8.0 a.m. At the mountain stations 
observations were made only at intervals of about ten days 
by various members of the Arequipa staff. i 
In the volume under notice only eye observations have 
been discussed, the automatic records being left for a future 
volume. So also are all the Arequipa records. 
An examination of the thermometer records shows that 
the annual range of mean temperature at the lower 
| stations is small, being largest at Mollendo on the coast, 
