356 
IM IC xc 
| FEBRUARY 7, 1907 
had it not been for similar subsequent discoveries eise- 
where. | 
M. Emile Cartailhac and the Abbé H. Breuil have 
recently studied with great care the wall paintings and 
engravings at Altamira. ‘The cavern is a series of large 
chambers connected by passage ways. There is no 
evidence of its having been occupied by either man or 
-beast since the close of the Quaternary, at which time 
the entrance was completely closed by a fall of earth and 
stones. 
A second recent fall has afforded a new opening to the 
cavern, reached by clambering over the débris that closed 
the original entrance. The first chamber is divided by 
means of a mass of fallen stones. The one on the left is 
40 metres long by 20 metres wide. ‘The one on the right 
is a sort of corridor connecting with other chambers. 
Industrial remains of the floor deposits are confined to the 
entry and the chamber on the left. There is evidence that 
the cave bear had occupied the cavern before man _ took 
possession. Figures, engraved or painted, are found en 
the walls of every part of the cavern, especially on the 
ceiling of the chamber on the left, near the entrance, 
where the frescoes are remarkable for their beauty, size, 
and good preservation—a sort of Sistine chapel represent- 
ing the chef d’oeuvre of perhaps more than one Michael 
Angelo of that far-off time. 
These works of art represent a variety of technique. 
Some are simple line engravings. Others are more deeply 
incised. But the engravings are not so numerous as the 
figures represented in colour. Many are done in a single 
colour, either red or black. The most remarkable are the 
polychrome frescoes similar to those of Font-de-Gaume 
already described. 
The figures are not all animal representations. Many 
are signs, the significance of which is not known. They 
do not belong to a single epoch. The superposition of 
figures, each in a different technique, studied in connec- 
tion with the relative state of preservation of the various 
figures, has furnished a key to the order of succession. 
The same succession is traceable in the caverns of France, 
so that the Abbé Breuil and his colleagues, MM. Cartailhac, 
Capitan, Peyrony, and Bourrinet, have been able to dis- 
tinguish four distinct phases’ in the evolution of mural 
painting and engraving, all of them being represented in 
the cavern of Altamira. 
UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE. 
CampripGe.—The following Graces passed the Senate at 
Congregations. held on February 1 and 2:—(1) That, in 
accordance with recommendation i. contained in the third 
report, dated November 13, 1906, of the special board for 
mathematics on the mathematical tripos, the regulations 
for the mathematical tripos, part i., contained in the 
report, be approved (placet, 776; mon-placet, 644). 
(2) That, in accordance with recommendation ii. of the 
same report, the regulations for the mathematical tripos, 
part ii., contained in the report, be approved (placet, 780; 
non-placet, 638). (3) That, in accordance with recom- 
mendation iii. of the same report, the temporary provisions 
for the mathematical tripos, alike under the old regula- 
tions and the new regulations, contained in the report, be 
approved (placet, 777; non-placet, 637). 
The Adams prize for 1907 has been awarded to Dr. 
E. W. Brown for his essay on ‘‘ The Inequalities in the 
Moon’s Motion due to the Direct Action of the Planets.”’ 
Mr. Douglas W. Freshfield will deliver a public lecture 
on Ruwenzori, at the Sedgwick Museum, on Thursday, 
February 14. The lecture will be illustrated by lantern 
pictures, including many taken during the Duke of the 
Abruzzi’s expedition. 
The special board for biology and geology has nominated 
Mr. C. Shearer, Trinity College, to use the University table 
at Naples for three months from March 1. rf 
Mr. Francis Garton, F.R.S., has given a further sum 
of 1oo0l. to the University of London in aid of the study 
1 A fifth and closing phase is discernible at Marsoulas, resembling some- 
what the work on the painted pebbles of Mas d’Azil. 
NO. 1945, VOL. 75 | 
of national eugenics founded under his previous benefac 
tion. Mr. David Heron has been appointed Galton res 
search fellow in national eugenics, in succession to Mr.) 
Edgar Schuster, resigned. j 
Sir CowasjEe Jenancuir READYMONEY has, says thi 
Times, offered to the Bombay Government the sum of 
23 lakhs of rupees (16,6661.) for the erection of a uni 
versity examination hall in Bombay, thus following th 
munificent example of his father in giving to the city the 
Elphinstone College buildings and the Senate hall of the) 
University. 
Tue annual general meetings of the Association of| 
Technical Institutions will be held at the Clothworkers’) 
Hall, Mincing Lane, I on Friday and Saturday, 
February 8 and 9, as follows :—on Friday afternoon the 
presidential address will be delivered by Sir Horace. 
Plunkett, K.C.V.O. On Saturday morning the following 
papers will be read and discussed :—the cooperation of | 
adjacent authorities in the supply of higher technical educa- 
tion, Principal A. F. Hogg; monotechnic institutions, Mr. — 
Charles Harrap. 
Sir A. B. W. Kennepy, president of the Institution of 
Civil Engineers, speaking at a dinner given by the Car- 
penters’ Company on Monday to a number of eminent 
members of the engineering profession, remarked that the 
idea of thirty or forty years ago that the training of an 
engineer should be specialised has passed away. It is now 
recognised by all engineers that their profession is one at 
bottom, and that therefore an engineer should have a 
thorough general training in scientific work which should 
be the basis of all his future work, and that he should only 
specialise when it is necessary to do so to earn his daily 
bread. 
Tue inaugural lecture to the courses on Japanese educa- 
tion, to be delivered under the Martin White benefaction 
in the University of London by Baron Dairoku Kikuchi— 
during the spring and summer terms, will be given at the 
University, South Kensington, on Thursday, February 14, 
at 5 p.m. Sir Edward Busk, Vice-Chancellor of the Uni- 
versity, will preside. Admission to the inaugural lecture 
will be free by ticket, obtainable on application to the 
academic registrar at the University, South Kensington. 
Arrangements have been made for a course on Japanese 
educational administration to be delivered at the London 
School of Economics, and for courses on Japanese educa- 
tional methods, to be delivered at University College, 
Gower Street, and King’s College, Strand. 
Tue annual court dinner of the Leeds University was 
held on Thursday, January 31, and was attended by His 
Excellency Baron Komura, the Japanese Ambassador to 
this country, as the chief guest. Among those present 
were the High Sheriff. of Yorkshire, the mayors of many 
neighbouring boroughs, representatives of various education 
authorities, technical institutions, grammar schools, and 
other bodies. Baron Komura, in proposing the toast of 
the University, referred to the debt of gratitude which 
Japan owed to the educational institutions of England, 
and among them to the University of Leeds, which has 
numbered a good many young Japanese among its students. 
Since the granting in 1904 of the Charter establishing the 
University, a new capital fund has been raised by private 
donations which now amounts to 82,3001. New buildings 
are in progress to accommodate the department of mining 
and metallurgy, and other important extensions rendered 
necessary by the growth of numbers in the University are 
under consideration. 
Tue council of the University of Manchester has decided 
to institute two new lectureships, one in economic zoology 
and one in economic botany. The lectureship in economic 
zoology will provide further instruction in special subjects 
for the senior and honours classes in zoology, and the 
lecturer will devote a portion of his time to the prepar- 
ation of reports on animal parasites and pests. An 
important part of the duty of the new lecturer will be 
to conduct research on such subjects as the fauna of 
reservoirs and sewage conduits, the life-history of animal 
parasites, and on other matters of economic importance. 
The lecturer in economic botany will give instruction to 
