Marcu 14, 1907 | 
NATORE 
473 
the setting up of dissenting groups, as a result of strain- 
ing, which resolved themselves after a time into the 
normal configuration. It further explained the fatigue 
of strength which was found to occur when a metal was 
subjected to repeated reversals of stress, a matter of great 
practical importance in the design of machines and 
engineering structures. The manner in which a_ piece 
broke, for example, after repeated bendings to and fro 
was discussed by aid of the molecular model. It was 
shown that the effects of slip are felt for some distance 
on either side of the plane of slip, a fatigued condition 
of the metal being established. This is especially the case 
when slip is many times repeated, backwards and for- 
wards, and a condition is ultimately arrived at in which 
the cohesive bonds are broken and a crack results. 
In conclusion, Dr. Ewing briefly referred to the relation 
between the molecular structure of the crystal grain, to 
which strength and elasticity were to be ascribed, and 
the finer structure which accounted in magnetic metals 
for the phenomena of magnetism. He had formerly shown 
that in the process of magnetisation in iron there was a 
turning round of a molecular axis possessing magnetic 
polarity. It was when the magnetically polar axes of all 
the molecules were turned round so as to face one way 
that the iron became “‘ saturated.’? The polarity he was 
now concerned with was different in kind. It was not 
magnetic, and it existed in three directions, whereas the 
magnetic polarity with which the process of magnetisation 
was concerned was uniaxial. Moreover, the three- 
directional polarity concerned in crystal building did not 
suffer rotation when a magnetising force was applied. 
We had accordingly to think of the molecule as possess- 
ing polar axes which were non-magnetic and remained 
fixed under the control of forces of the same kind exerted 
by the poles of neighbouring molecules, and at the same 
time as possessing an inner structure characterised by 
uniaxial magnetic polarity, which was capable of rotation 
under the influence of an applied magnetising force while 
the non-magnetic polar axes remained fixed. 
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Tagung gehalten in Stuttgart vom September 17-21, 1906, 
