172 J.D. Dana on Changes of Level in the Pacific Ocean. 
usually the appearance of burnt lime; and thus, large stones and 
rocks seem as though they had been whitewashed several times 
over, ard sometimes it amounts to an inch in thickness, or an 
inch and a half. At other times the whitewash has found its 
way into cracks in the stones. Sometimes only one side of a 
stone is whitened by it, or only a corner of it. It is sometimes 
soft and crumbly, and at other times quite hard ; and again itis 
mixed with the earth.” From this description it appears to re- 
semble the lime inerustations and seams of Diamond Hill, Paneh- 
bow! and Koko Head, Oahu, which occur at the same height, but 
most certainly give no evidence of elevation, as they have pro- 
ceeded beyond doubt from aqueous eruptions carrying lime in 
solution. Fragments of coral, it will be remembered, occur in 
the tufa of these hills. his evidence from Mani, should there- 
fore be rec with great hesitation until farther examined. 
Besid ove, there are large masses of coral rock, accor 
ding to Mr. poate along the shores of Mani, from two to 
twelve feet above high water. From his descriptions, this rock 
appears to be the reef-rock, like the raised reef of Oahu, ands 
es proof of an elevation of at least twelve feet. 
Kingsmill or Tarawan Group. (Plate I, I, Vol. x 
Taputeouea or Drummond.—This is the southern ‘and of 
the group. The reef rock near the village of Utiroa is a foot 
above low tide level, and consists of large massive eae 
eandrinas. ‘The tide in the Kingsmill seas is seven feet; and 
conseqventy this evidence of a rise might be doubted, as ‘some 
rals may grow to this height where the tide is so high. 
rain Astreas and Meandrinas, as far as observed by the writel 
are not among the species that may undergo exposure at low 
tide, except it be to the amount of three or four inches; and it is 
ot that an elevation of at least ten or twelve inches has 
taken place itt 
Apia or Charlotte's Island, one “of the northernmost of the 
group, has the reef-rock in some parts raised bodily to a height 
six or seven feet above low water level, evidencing this amotl 
of elevation. This elevated reef was observed for long distam” 
ces between the several wovded islets; it resembled the 
reef of Nairsa in the Paumotn Archipelago in its bare, 
and bluff worn front. An islet of the atoll, where we I 
was twelve feet high, and the coral reef-rock was five < pos 
above mi tide. A wall of this rock, having the sa hat 
extends m3 the reef from the islet. There was no ra 
it was due to an actual uplifting of the reef to a height 
siz feet. the 
Nanouli, Kuria, Maiana and Tarawa lying between ‘shits 
two islands above mentioned, were seen only from the ob 
and nothing decisive bearing on the subject of elevation was 
os 
ree alnee, 
