338 CHURCH: THE BULB IN COOPERIA DRUMMONDII 
several out of a dozen bulbs containing immature flowers blossomed 
at all. Although no criticism is intended here on either hand, it 
seems fair to state that Herbert was not justified in assuming 
that he could determine in European greenhouses or gardens the 
habit of bulbs native to Texas. He found his Cooperia Drum- 
monduw with a ‘‘flower [which] expands always in the evening, 
usually not perfect after the first night.’’ Nocturnal flowering 
is an anomaly, as Herbert himself states, and it seems probable 
that he was overzealous here in his observations, since the writer 
over a period of three years observed no new flowers of Cooperia 
Drummondti except in the morning and also observed no flowers 
opening except in the bright morning light. In fact the flowers in 
the greenhouse rarely shoot up as late as after eight o’clock in the 
morning. It is claimed that the name “‘rain lily”’ is applied to 
this amaryllid on its native ground, because it does shoot up into 
full bloom on a bright morning after a period or night of rain. 
Irmisch (16-18) described in detail the structure and develop- 
ment of many bulbs among the Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae, 
and a short article on bulbs contemporary with Irmisch’s works 
was published by Koch (20) in 1849. In this last paper bulbs 
are classified as perennial, periodic and biennial. We find in years 
subsequent to 1850 no important work undertaken on the bulb 
excepting the biological studies of Rimbach (23-28) published 
around 1897. | 
A number of articles, important indirectly if not directly, 
may, however, be recorded here for the future reference of other 
students. In 1870 Hanstein (10) published an article on embryo 
development in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. 
The species of plants discussed in this work are of no immediate 
interest, yet the article deserves study and consideration because 
its author is a clear-headed pioneer in showing the relation of 
physiology. to morphology and anatomy. Baillon (1) comes 
closer to the subject at hand while describing what seem to have 
been bulbiform abnormalities in the development of the embryos 
of Hymenocallis, Crinum, etc. The anatomy or structure of the 
vascular traces and secondary roots, and the relation of leaves and 
shoot axis in certain monocotyledons, e.g. Allium Cepa and 
Lilium Martagon, are well comprehended by Falkenberg (7)- 
