CuHuRCH: THE BULB IN COOPERIA DRUMMONDII 343 
merely a “‘prolongement”’ of the ‘“‘radicule,’’ explaining that ‘‘la 
Tigelle (Cauliculus) se confond d’une part avec la Radicule dont 
elle n’est qu’un prolongement et se termine de I’autre a la base de 
la cavité cotylédonaire.” Jussieu (19) agrees with Richard and 
also connects the ‘‘tigelle’’ up with the term ‘‘carnode” of Cassini 
and with Brongiart’s ‘‘mealy body” found in Lemna, although the 
describer says the latter even may be a cotyledon. At this 
region designated as the ‘‘tigelle” the writer noticed in Cooperia 
Drummondu that the cells divide in planes at variance with the 
tissues of the shoot above it and the root below it (Fic. to, h). 
Here they divide in both the horizontal and tangential planes with 
little lengthening and practically no broadening, while in the 
shoot and root the cells broaden relatively rapidly and also 
elongate greatly. 
The area enclosing the axis of the first leaves and the growing 
point (the plumule, the ‘‘gemmule”’ of early writers) is potentially 
cotyledonary. Lyon (21) states that the maximum development 
in this area takes place at the point or points that are in the most 
favorable position to function, and that in monocotyledons the 
maximum development occurs only on one side. And, further, 
that cotyledons do not arise as exogenous lateral outgrowths upon 
the growing point of a stem as do all later foliar structures. The 
gross anatomy of Cooperia Drummondii indicates that there is a 
point of maximum development and also one of decidedly mini- 
mum development in the cotyledonary region. Also the anatomy 
of the developing embryo shows us that the cotyledon does not 
develop from the vegetative point, nor does the cotyledonary 
sheath. The function of each of these portions is peculiar to 
itself, the maximum point of development elongating into a 
haustorial organ with the function of absorbing food for the 
germinating embryo, the point of minimum development not 
elongating but serving as a protective covering or a sheath to the 
primordia or a pocket in which the gemmule is deposited, accord- 
ing to the older writers, asa ballisina cup. The gemmule is thus 
defined by Richard (29): ‘‘La Gemmule (Gemmula) est la petit 
corps simple ou composé qui nait ou du fond de la cavité coty- 
lédonaire, qui le referme étroitment.’”’ The early scientists 
noticed that their ‘‘gemmule’—the vegetative point plus an 
