CHuRCH: THE BULB IN CoOoPERIA DRUMMONDII 351 
following the flower stalk which has most recently died, and finally 
neither starch nor raphides are to be noticed in the outermost and 
oldest scales. The leaf bases in the youngest portion of the bulb— 
the only portion within the bulb itself where the leaf base in cross 
section is scarcely continuous with the lamina—have no starch 
stored in them. The leaf accompanying the flower is supplied 
with starch even when it is very young. Young roots that have 
not yet pierced the bulb-axis contain raphides. The starch grains 
and raphides, therefore, are most prevalent in the younger scales. 
Here cells with raphides may be found among the tissues contain- 
ing starch or scattered between the starch-bearing cells and the 
accompanying cells, but most commonly they are found in rows of 
cells. An individual cell in such a row is about twice as long as a 
starch-bearing cell or often still longer. The sheath or bundle of 
crystals practically fills the cell containing it. Measurements of 
the raphide-bearing cells show that their dimensions measure 
277-475 wu in length and 79-99 uw in breadth. The remainder of a 
scale is composed of vascular bundles and their accompanying 
parenchyma, the cells of which are intermediate in length between 
the cells filled with starch and those with raphides. The dimen- 
sions of these rather simple cells range from 178x119» to 297 
x 69 b. 
Miss Menz (21) has made observations similar to the above 
in connection with Amaryllis, Zephyranthes, Sternbergia, Crinum 
and Allium, finding in the scales of these genera starch, raphides 
of calcium oxalate and also a latex-like or slimy substance stored 
as reserve material. 
DEFINITION OF A BULB 
Bulbs, according to Irmisch (16), have been looked upon as 
roots, underground shoots, and downward growing shoots, while 
Irmisch himself concludes with the emphatic statement that a 
bulb is a bulb—an organ peculiar to certain plants and distinctive 
in itself. 
A bulb is a shoot in which the internodes have not developed 
or have developed only to a small extent (TEXT FIGS. I, 4 and 5). 
The peripheral layers of the bulb consist of the bases of the 
foliar sheaths. As there are no internodes in the shoot of Cooperia 
Drummondit its foliar sheaths never can form an exterior covering 
