ooe CHURCH: THE BULB IN COOPERIA DRUMMONDII 
to internodes but instead surround the next younger sheath, as 
they themselves are surrounded by an older sheath. 
If a shoot, developed as is usual in herbaceous plants, corre- 
sponds to a telescope drawn out for observation of the stars, a 
bulb finds its correspondential in the same telescope pushed in— 
i.e. a bulb is a foreshortened or a ‘‘telescoped”’ shoot (TEXT FIG. 
2). A bulb of Cooperia Drummondii is probably never raised 
above the earth’s surface. It is constantly being set deeper into 
the ground. The oldest tissue composing the base of the truncate 
bulb axis is continually sloughing off, while the youngest tissue 
is continually formed at a point farther and farther away from 
the point where the primary root originated. This setting of the 
bulb deeply into the ground is due to root contraction, which has 
been explained as far as is possible with our present knowledge 
before us. An old bulb of Cooperia Drummondii may ultimately 
bear a neck 15-18 cm. in length. 
*‘OFFSETS”’ 
» 
arise between the mature scales as 
protrusions. When condi- 
tions fostering vegetative pro- 
The ‘‘offsets”’ or “‘splits 
pagation occur, the ‘‘splits”’ 
develop (Fics. 12 and 13; 
TEXT FIGS. 4 and 5) between 
the scales or leaf sheaths and 
break their way through the 
outer and older bulb scales, 
in an effort to reach the soil. 
They develop on alternate 
sides of the axis and frequent- 
ly occur between every five 
Fic. 4. “Offset’’ readjusting itself after eS nae pais iatCe i 
an unfavorable start; roots diagrammatic, to be considerable variation 
Le. cpg due to contraction omitted; in regard to this matter of 

Fic. 5. 
Sis. arrangement. 
Fic. te iia propagation displacin; H bay © 
Regn roots and leaves diagrammatic; enry (11) notes tha Ga 
gea arvensis, G. stenopetala and 
