CuurRCcH: THE BULB IN COOPERIA DRUMMONDII 353 
Tulipa sylvestris show secondary bulb formation from the original 
bulb developed to extreme abnormality, yet every bulb so formed 
is always a leafy shoot. That is, such a bulb is a secondary or 
lateral shoot, or a terminal shoot which will eventually separate 
itself from the growth of previous years. Vigier (33) relates 
a few casual but interesting experiments with bulbil formation in 
cuttings of Lillium candidum. Bulbils did not form on the cut- 
tings, unless the end of the cutting and thus the terminal bud were 
injured accidentally or intentionally. Nipping the terminal bud 
of horticultural plants to produce lateral branching is a common 
horticultural practice. Regarded as lateral branches these bulbils 
are unique only in their being vegetative outgrowths which can 
of themselves reproduce the plant vegetatively, where the usual 
secondary branch can not do so without the gardener’s aid. The 
bulbils of L. candidum, formed in the light above ground, were in 
Vigier’s experiments green with purple spots, while those formed 
on the part of the cutting under the soil were white. There can 
be no proof brought up against the statement that there is pri- 
marily no difference between these bulbils of L. candidum formed 
below or above the ground and the offsets, splits, or brood-bulbs 
of Cooperia Drummondii, for instance. There is no difference 
even between the bulbils formed in Vigier’s experiments: whether 
the said bulbils have green and purple pigment or are colorless; 
whether they are formed above or below the surface of the ground; 
or whether we are considering a bulbil or what is recognized 
commonly as a lateral shoot. In each case we have a shoot— 
a structure which is still a shoot none the less, whether it be a 
main or lateral shoot, or an artifically aborted shoot, or (as is the 
bulb) a naturally aborted shoot, in which the internodes have 
elongated little if at all. 
THE MATURE BULB 
Irmisch (16, 17) describes the structure of immature and 
mature. bulbs of Amaryllis formosissima (now Sprekelia for- 
mosissima). His work presents to us a most careful re- 
search, recorded by the observer's skilfully executed drawings. 
While further investigation since 1850-60 causes us to feel certain 
in regard to points which are here discussed rather lengthily and 
