356 CHURCH: 
THE BULB IN COOPERIA DRUMMONDII 
The mature plant of Cooperia Drummondii has a subglobose 
bulb, increasing in size with age. 
The outermost scales have 
become thin, dry, brown membranes, whose venation is readily 

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4 



G. 8. Central portion 
of cai showing immature 
flower; presuming there 
This is in accordance with 
an immature 
flower, and 0, its subtend- 
ing leaf with an open base. 
Scale = 0.15 mm. 
seen. As one goes inward, tearing away 
the scales, those with dried edges are suc- 
ceeded by fresher and thicker scales. 
Every third scale is separated from the 
next younger or older scale, according as 
we work inward or outward, by a scale 
accompanying a flower peduncle, and this 
arrangement is repeated in accord with the 
age of the plant, the parts always grow- 
ing smaller and more rudimentary. An 
old bulb may contain the vascular traces 
and dried stalks of numerous past or un- 
developed flowers, and immature flowers 
for three successive flowerings (see TEXT 
FIG. 9). 
Irmisch (16) gives a type classification 
of bulbs supplemented with examples, Latin 
designations and a set of symbols. The 
first type is designated as ‘‘Gagea-Arten,” 
and the symbol expression corresponding is 
G+Z, where G is equivalent to ‘‘ Gegen- 
wart’’ and Z equals ‘‘ Zukommen,” next 
year’s development. Therefore all bulbs 
similar to Gagea consist of G (present, active 
portions) and Z (tissues capable of repeating the life story next 
year). 
symbols 1V+G-+Z. 
Another type, e.g. Galanthus nivalis, is represented by the 
IV is equivalent to parts of the preceding 
year which are now present as ‘‘ Nahrblatter” or sheaths containing 
stored material. 
Yet another type, Amaryllis formosissima, may 
be represented by 2V + G + Z, where the parts of two previous 
years still remain. 
Cooperia Drummondiui might be represented 
by nV + G + Z where n varies largely with environment as ner 
as with the age of the plant. 
The following scheme, illustrating a mature bulb of Cooperia 
Drummondit, may likewise be considered in connection with TEXT 
FIGS. 2, 6, 8 and 9: 
