358 CHURCH: THE BULB IN COOPERIA DRUMMONDII 
flower peduncle, terminal in respect to the lateral axis, is subtended 
by a spathe-like bract. 
CONCLUSIONS 
1. The mature seed of Cooperia Drummondii germinates with 
little difficulty. 
2. A five-day-old seedling shows a tap root, hypocotyl, and 
one young leaf blade. 
3. A ten-day-old seedling exteriorly shows no indication of 
bulb formation. 
4. Seedlings by their fortieth to fiftieth day of growth have 
developed a typical bulb formed from the closed bases of alternate 
leaves. 
5. The bulb is set deep into the ground by a contraction of the 
' roots, which begins as early as the fifth day. 
6. Amature bulb is composed of a thickened axis (with morpho- 
logically aborted internodes), from which develop (in a down- 
ward direction) adventitious roots, piercing the outer edge of the 
axis in a circle, and (in an upward direction) scales (leaf bases), 
flower scapes (each with its accompanying open base leaf), and 
leaves. 
7. The flower scape and the leaf accompanying it alternate 
with the next younger corresponding leaf and scale; they arise 
between every third and fourth scale. : | 
8. Vegetative buds of a type called ‘‘offsets’’ among horti- 
culturists develop between the scales whenever conditions of 
environment are unfavorable to flowering. 
9. A bulb is a foreshortened vegetative shoot which appears 
aborted, because the internodes do not develop, while the nodes 
are thickened by irregular and considerable multiplication of cells. 
This paper was presented in 1918, in partial fulfillment of the 
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Brown 
University. The writer begs to acknowledge the assistance given 
by Professor Harlan H. York of the Botanical Department. 
LITERATURE CITED 
1. Baillon, M. H. Sur le développement et la germination des bulbi- 
formes des Amaryllidées. Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 4-5. 1874- 
