426 BICKNELL: FERNS AND 
Aira caryophyllea T rifolium dubium 
Carex muricata Epilobium hirsutum 
Salix Smithiana Centaurium spicatum 
Cerastium semidecandrum A pargia autumnalis 
Ranunculus repens Artemisia Stelleriana 
Cytisus scoparius Arctium tomentosum 
The great majority of the introduced species are herbaceous 
plants of dry and open ground, many of them succeeding in poor 
and sandy soils. Less than twenty species are plants of moist or 
wet places and only one is conditioned by saline influences. 
Eighteen herbaceous species are twining or climbing plants, three 
species are woody vines and twelve are shrubs. The introduced trees 
number thirty-two, although only one has become a strong struc- 
tural element in the flora, this being our native pitch pine which, 
history tells us, was first planted on Nantucket in the year 1847. 
Few other introduced trees have made much response to the con- 
ditions that Nantucket has offered, although the cockspur thorn 
is making itself at home there, and the apple, the pear and the 
hybrid willow (Salix Smithiana) are sparingly more or less wide- 
spread. The Scotch pine and the European larch have long 
formed an extensive and increasing growth at the locality where 
they were. originally set out, and at a few places the locust and the 
silver poplar are well established, but most of the other trees are 
not much to be considered, and some number only a few examples 
that have appeared spontaneously and grown up in out-of-the-way 
places. 
At different times in the past collections of trees were brought 
to Nantucket and set out in certain places which now, long neg- 
lected and apart from cared for land, appear like wild tracts 
covered with their native growth. Both European and American 
species were used in these plantings and many of them survive, 
although few have made much growth. Most of these trees have 
been noted in the text. 
Not many of the introduced plants are from slinwiseed than 
Europe and Eurasia, these numbering some two hundred and 
seventy-five species. Twelve species belong to Asia and nine are 
tropical American. Japan, China, India, New Zealand and Mex- 
ico have each contributed a single species which is, however, either 
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