322 Comparison of Atops trilineatus with Triarthrus Beckit. 
ena, less than identity: but the last is a mere fanciful resemblance 
discovered by the imagination, and is properly used for mere il- 
lustration or ornament, and can never be made the foundation of 
inductive inference in philosophy. The want of this distinction 
has been a most fruitful source of error; for the history o 
losophy shows that there is nothing more delusive than these fan- 
ciful analogies. Bacon has actually based what he calls Philoso- 
phia Prima, primitive or summary philosophy, upon these fanci- 
ful analogies: at least every example which he has cited im illus- 
tration of this department of philosophy, is based upon them. 
And what is still stranger, he makes this remark, in regard to the 
examples: “ Neither are these only similitudes, as men of narrow 
observation may conceive them to be, but the same footsteps of 
nature, treading or printing upon several subjects or matters ;” 
thus showing that he was aware that there was some such dis- 
tinction as I have exhibited. And in the fifty-fifth aphorism of 
the first book of the Novum Organon, he has mentioned as a 
source of error, the tendency of some minds, to ‘compare even 
the most delicate and general resemblances ;” and that such minds 
“readily fall into excess by catching at shadows of resemblance.” 
Some writers have confined analogy to the resemblance of re- 
lations, both in philosophy and rhetoric. But this is unphilosoph- 
ical, and exceedingly inconsistent in practice, multiplying distine- 
tions which cannot be kept up by even the greatest degree 0 
caution. In philosophy every real resemblance less than identity, 
is analogy ; and so in rhetoric, every fanciful resemblance is anal- 
ogy. In rhetoric, however, the analogy is always between indi- 
viduals of different species, and never between individuals of the 
same class. 
For a full discussion of this subject and its kindred topics, I 
beg leave to refer to the second edition of my work on the ba- 
conian Philosophy. 
Art. XXXIIIL—Remarks on the Observations of S. 8. Halde- 
man “on the supposed identity of Atops trilineatus with Trt 
arthrus Beckii ;"* by James Hau. 
Tue simple question of specific difference or identity between 
two forms of a fossil Trilobite, would not tempt me toa moment's 
discussion, were it not connected with other points of greater 1m- 
portance. The subject, indeed, was considered by the Associa 
tion, at its meeting in New York in 1846, of sufficient interest 
to demand a committee to investigate it, and the report of that 
* Proceedings of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists, held 
at Boston, September, 1847; Am. Jour. of Science seer etn this volume, p. 107- 
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