J. D. Whelpley on Philosophical Analogy. 333 
the actions that flow from it; and then, observing the same ac- 
tions in another person, we conclude them to flow from a similar 
passion, or emotion, in that person; reasoning from the known 
effects to the unknown cause,—from the known action, to the 
unknown energy which is the source of those actions. 
In the second great field of science, that of organization, the 
same order of observation prevails as in psychology. Let an ex- 
ample be taken from botany. - 
_ The first thing that enters the mind on observing several indi- 
viduals of a particular vegetable, is a specific resemblance in them 
all: we look upon their forms and call them all together by one 
name, as the oak, the elm, the rose. As expression is the mar 
of spirit, organic form,—difference of parts with unity of figure, 
—ais the mark of organization. 
From the form, we pass to observing the motions of the plant, 
or if it have no motions, to its position in regard to surrounding 
objects. 
By a third effort of attention, we notice its substance, and the 
character of the tissues which compose it. 
y a fourth step we notice the growth, and the textural, inter- 
hal motions and changes, of its substance. : 
Our observations being thus completed we have a full and 
Scientific knowledge of the species. Our deductions in this, as 
in the former instance, were from the known to the unknown, 
and by analogy,— 
- From the known, divisible, figure of several particulars, to 
the unknown, indivisible form of the species, in general. 
__2. From the observed motions of the plant, to its internal qual- 
— in regard to motion ; as of elasticity, expansion and contrac- 
on, &e 
3. From the observed color, texture, weight, to the substances 
or real constitution, of the plant. 
: rom its habits, as of feeding, moisture, growth, &c., to the 
vital forces which cause its development. 
The analogical operation of the mind in this species of reason- 
ing upon natural objects, is that by which it regards the image 
Which it forms to itself, to be the real counterpart and repre- 
Seutative of an unknown somewhat in the plant, which is the 
secret and invisible cause of all its external properties and chan- 
