334 J. D. Whelpley on Philosophical Analogy. 
ges. ‘This invisible somewhat we call the species or image; 
as if it were the same thing with the image or species in es 
mind, 
In making this use of the word Analogy, I have not adhered 
to its logical acceptation. In logic, analogy is the inferring of a 
whole from a part, and v. v.; as : when, observing a certain bird 
to have some of the external habits of a thrush I infer it to be 
a thrus 
Syllogisms by analogy are necessarily imperfect. Thus, if 
species A is in some particulars like B ;—I infer by analogy that 
it is the same with B, which is inconclusive. Observing that 
the material universe is governed by certain laws, I infer that the 
Spiritual universe is governed by similar laws; which is incon- 
clusive. Observing that one man under certain circumstances 
- will act so and so, I infer that another man under similar circum- 
stances will act in the same manner. The evidence is never 
complete. 
The certainties of logical analogy are, that like causes will pro- 
ce like effects; that like properties belong to like substances ; 
and finally, that a concurrence, or working together, of events, 
indicates that they must be referred to a common principle, or 
substratum 
The certainties, on the contrary, of the analogies of mere resem- 
blance are, that two similar appearances or properties are identi- 
cal, as the : yellow of one metal with the yellow of another ; which 
we hame similarity, where the thing is different but the ‘appear 
ance the same: as when two different metals have the same color. 
Secondly, when there js an apparent difference, but a real similar- 
ity ; as when the same object i in different lights has different colors. 
And, lastly, when species of different genera, have a certain 
similarity of appearance, as in the apparent resemblance of the 
vulture to the tiger, or the hog to the aquatic birds, through the 
a of the body and habits of both 
To give these two kinds of analogy in detail. 
_ {(a.) The same properties indicate the same sub- 
1. Analogies stance or esse 
of logic, orof (b.) The same causes have the same effects. 
Judgment. (c.) Concurrent events have a common pril- 
sinle ; 
(a.) ber same appearance indicates the same 
2. Analovi cies. 
of Classifien- (b.) The same object at — times may 
tion; or of present different appearanc 
i. .) Objects intrinsically hideient’ me resemble 
each other. 
