160 
on top of the old ash-layer more than 80 ft. above the sea: 
a proof of the fact that the seeds may be spread not only by 
the sea-currents but also by winds. On Verlaten Eiland which 
is still growing at its northern end, the Chemara-forest is found 
in all stages of development, from the close crowded young 
shoots to the old forest with the trees wide apart gradually 
perishing and passing into a mixed forest. 
4°. the Mangrove-vegetation: on Krakatau this does not exist 
at all; on Verlaten Eiland it is restricted to the vicinity of the 
salt-water lake, an interesting biological milieu discussed by 
Dr. Dammerman') in his study of the fauna of these islands. 
They are Excoecaria Agallogha L., and Lumnitzera racemosa 
Wild. In the bay barred from the sea by the Pulu Pandjang 
peninsula on Sebesy a fairly rich mangrove-formation 1s met 
with. In this connection it is noteworthy that on Verlaten 
Kiland there occurs exclusively the white-flowering variety of 
Lumnitzera racemosa Wlld. and on Sebesy only the red-flowering 
Lumnitzera littorea Voigt. Dr. van Stooren”) has written an 
article on the curious distribution of these two species over the 
Malay Archipelago; he has not arrived at a sufficient expla- 
nation of the fact that Lumnuitzera racemosa, occurs chiefly 
round the Java Sea, whilst Lumn. littorea Voigt on the other 
hand, as far as Java is concerned has only been found on the 
south coast, whereas in the Sunda Strait situated between Java, 
and the South of Sumatra, both varities occur. The reader is 
referred to the original article. 
d°. the Savanna or grass vegetation is still everywhere to be 
found on the hills of Verlaten Eiland and of Krakatau, but in 
several places and especially in the ravines it has been entirely 
ousted by a very young forest consisting of a very few species 
of trees. Especially Macaranga Tanarius L. has an important 
effect in strangling a grass-vegetation. The seeds of this species 
of tree were found in the intestine of a bird, Calornis chalybea 
4) K. W. Dammerman. The Fauna of Krakatau, Verlaten Island and Sebesy. 
Treubia. Vol. 11. 1922. p. 89. 
2) Dr. F. van Stooren, De Nederl. Indische Lumnitzera-soorten en hunne ver- 
spreiding. De Tropische Natuur. XI. 1922. 
