12 
were new at the time of Couvrtsr’s publication. Miss Pac (1907) 
in her study on Cyprepedium pointed out how the embryosac 
with its three divisions between mothercell and egg, was well 
on the way to the animal condition. And the coupling of 
megaspore-formation to chromatine-reduction is yet met with 
in Scaniewinb-Tuies’ (1901), and propagated by Davis (1905), 
CuamBernain (1905), and Pace (1907). In fact all the ideas more 
fully developed by Covnrer were already underlying Miss Pacr’s 
publication. She made exactly the same homologies and even 
saw the necessity of discerning mono-, bi- and tetrasporical sacs. 
After Counrer’s lucid statement most authors who dealt with 
the subject accepted his views and propagated his opinion, among 
them Srepnens (1909a, 19090), Mc Auuisrer (1909, 1914), Pace 
(1909), Smirx (1911), Brown and Snarp (1911), Swarr (1912), 
Dauteren (1915), Kusano (1915), Paum (1915), Hauser (1916) 
and Isarxawa (1918). 
Brown (1908, 1909) however did not wholly agree with 
Counter. He admits neither chromatine-reduction nor cellwall- 
formation as a criterion for megaspore-formation. According to 
him the appearance of cell-plates in the spindle figares of the 
first divisions furnishes the only certain characteristic of mega- 
spore-formation. As long as cell-plates are present we have to 
do with spore-formation; when they are lacking, spore-germ1- 
nation is going on. This conception however can be regarded 
as wholly miscarried since from several sides attention was 
called to the fact that cell-plate-formation may occur at any 
stage of the embryosac-deyelopment, and apparently without 
any connection to megaspore-formation. 
Systems based on Coulter's principles. 
Danteren’s (1915) attempt to outline a scheme which should 
embrace all cases of atypical embryosacs, is still rather primi- 
tive. He discerns four groups. The first one, showing five divi- 
sions between embryosac-mothercell and egg, is represented by 
the normal eight-nucleate sac. Next comes a group with only 
four divisions, including the 16-nucleate Penaeaceae, the 4-nu- 
Cleate Onagraceae, as well as Clintonia, Codiaeum and Lawia. 
