1843.] 
THE GARDENERS 
CHRONICLE. 
27s 
lord ; but I believe every tenant-farmer to be more or less 
interested in the subject. When we consider the high 
price underwood sells at, and that at ten or twelve years’ 
growth, upon the same soil, it varies in price from 102. to 
50/. per acre; surely it will be admitted that it is a sub- 
ject worthy our serious consideration. T admit the tenant- 
farmer ought not to go to the expense of purchasing the 
plants to improve his woodland, but the landlord ought to 
give the plants, and the tenant to be at the expense of 
planting; and, in the event of his leaving his farm, the 
appraisement upon the underwood will amply repay him 
his outlay ; I find woods, that have not been attended to 
by planting, require from 400 to 800 plants per acre to 
fill them up; and care must be taken to inform yourself 
what sorts of wood are best adapted to the soils ; Chesnut 
I think the most profitable to plant upon sand or any dry 
soil. I would point out Cox-heath and Cressmill-heath, 
as a proof of the soil being adapted to their growth. 
prefer plants that are raised from English Chesnuts to the 
Spanish Nut, as they generally grow straighter Poles, 
though they are not so luxuriant. I would always re- 
commend selection of plants of all sorts from rather poor 
nursery ground, than from a rich soil; as they do not 1n 
such case receive such a check on being transplanted as 
when brought from a rich toa poor soil. Ash and Wil- 
low are also good to fill up woods with, where the soil 
is suitable, and they will thrive almost anywhere, unless 
there are many rabbits and hares, which are destructive 
to all underwood, but particularly to Ash. I find it best 
to mix Ash and Willows together, as the Ash will root 
upon or near the surface, and the Willow deeper 
in the soil. I will now describe my method of planting, 
which is the year after the wood has been cut, unless the 
wood can be cleared off in sufficient time to plant the 
same season, which I prefer. I strongly recommend 
planting by the side of streams and ditches Crop Willow 
as a profitable kind of wood; I usually put in a large 
Hop-pole, or use-pole, about 15 feet apart, by the side of 
the watercourse, leaving the top about 7 feet out of the 
ground, to secure it from the bite of cattle ; it will then 
form a Pollard, which will produce Hop-poles and use- 
poles, to be cut every eight or nine years, and will be 
found to stand as long in a Hop-ground as other poles 
generally of the same age. The use-poles make good light 
sheep-gates, if they are put into immediate use and not 
suffered to stand in the wet. The Pollards should be 
topped in winter, and in spring the Hop-poles and use- 
poles will flay easily, which is much better than shaving 
them. I commence by digging my holes for planting in 
the woods 20 inches square and 1 foot deep; then, with 
the peak end of the mattock, grub down 6 inches more, 
which makes the soil loose for the roots to penetrate 
freely. The price of this is 2s. per hundred holes, and 
about 9d. or 10d. more for planting by a man and boy, 
the boy to hola the plant upright, the man to put the 
earth round the plant, and tread it in firmly about the 
roots again. I find those Ash plants best the tops of 
which have been cut off when removed from the seed-bed, 
as they grow stouter at the bottom! and are not so top- 
heavy. Where a new wood is planted, the ground should 
be well trenched, the plants set four feet apart each way, 
and kept free from weeds. The second year the plants 
should be cut off close to the stub; each plant will then 
throw out several shoots. A crop of Potatoes may be 
taken the second year without injury to the plant. I 
would recommend particular attention to the cutting of 
Oak, as coppice, for bark in the spring, to see that the 
bark is cut through at the bottom or rind ; for if stripped 
down the stub, lower than the wood is cut off, it is very 
injurious, and sometimes kills the stub. The bark should 
also be taken off as early as the season will permit. I 
have seen the wood much injured by cutting it too late, 
or near Midsummer. The price of Chesnut plants this 
Year, from 3 to 5 feet high, is from 6s, to 8s. per 100; 
Ash plants of the same size are from 2s. 6d. to 5s. per 
100.”"__F rom the Maidstone Gazette. 
Treatment of Bees in Zante.—In a small vineyard by 
the road side, at a short distance from St. Leo, was a 
large apiary, consisting of perhaps 70 or 80 hives ; and 
the proprietor, who was living with his family in a stone 
hat in the vineyard, was at that time employed in collect- 
ing the honey, which we tasted and found very rich. The 
hives generally consisted of a piece of the trunk of an 
Olive-tree, about 14 foot high, hollow, with two cross 
Sticks within placed horizontally to give support to the 
©ombs. They stood on flat stones, an inch or two from 
the ground, and were covered with a thin piece of stone 
rought from Langadachia, which from its slaty and po- 
Tous texture must be a bad conductor of heat, and very 
Well adapted for the purpose to which it was applied. 
‘here was a cistern in the vineyard, with small troughs to 
Water the bees ; the supplying them with water is the most 
Mportant part of the whole economy, and demands con- 
stant attention: it kept employed two or three people.— 
Davy’s Notes on the Ionian Islands. 
a 
GARDEN MEMORANDA. 
é T. Brocklehurst, Hsq., The Fence Macclesfield.—at a late visit 
ay tal place I was so much pleased with the extensive collection 
: f cultivated here, that I am 
acca to send you an account of those in flower. On entering 
ne houses the visitor‘beholds these interesting plants growing 
b Various modes in rustic 
eae and on logs of wood, others in neat copper-wire baskets, 
nd in perforated or common pots. Some are clinging to branches. 
Standing upon others, inverted over shallow cisterns filled with 
flower : Acanthophippium striatum, 
ulbs, nine inches long, and 
Proportionably strong; Aspasia lunata, new and pretty; A. epi- 
dendioides and yariegata ; Aporum anceps, Batemannia Colleyi, 
ndria aurantiaca, a fine plant two feet in diameter; Brom- 
headia palustris, lately introduced from Mount Ophir, with pretty 
delicate Lzelia-like flowers which, unfortunately, are of short 
duration: Burlingténia venusta, white and almost transparent ; 
Brassavola angustata, with neat greenish-yellow flowers ; Brassia 
maculata, Lanceana, and verrucosa; Blétia Shepherdi, with 
several other species of less beauty. Of Catasetum there were 
many species, with singularly grotesque flowers ; several plants 
of Cyrtopédium Andersonii, grown in a strong, rich compost, 
were in bloom; one variety having a more dwarf and branching 
stem. Alarge plant of Cypripedium insigne had fifteen of its 
large flowers expanded. Dendrdbium ndbile is just going out of 
bloom ; Thinderstood that there had been upwards of 100 flowers 
on each of the two large plants; D. coerulescens is in full bloom, 
with D. sulcatum, bearing a strong spike of pretty flowers, medium 
size, and fragrant; D. macrophylium, having a noble spike of 50 
lowers, remarkabie for their strong scent, resembling newly- 
ground Rhubarb root; D. densifloruam; D. secundum, and a 
variety with almost crimson flowers; D. Jenkinsonii, one of the 
finest plants in this country, having upwards of 30 blossoms upon 
it, the plant (on a log) being literally hidden by them; D. dis- 
color, which, although not of a brilliant colour, is a fine species, 
and lasts in bloom along time. Amongst the Epidendrums there are 
many species in flower; the most remarkable are, E.bicornutum, 
E, crassifélium, with neat pink heads ; E. variezatum, with seven, 
flower stems; E. aurantiacum, and a variety of it which opens 
its blossoms better than the original species. The Fernandezias 
hung up in baskets form elegant plants, with small and pretty 
flowers ; F. robusta is in the collection, but it is not yet in flower. 
There are many large Gongoras; G. speciosa, with dark flowers, 
is very fine. There is also a curious-looking species with the 
ribs of the pseudo-bulbs flattened; it is showing a spike of 
flowers, and is apparently new, being a native of Panama. Go- 
vénia “superba, Lelia cinnabarina, Maxilliria Harrisdniz, are 
blooming freely, with many Oncfidiums, of which I shall only 
name the best: these are O, liridum guttatum, flexnosum two 
var.; O. papilio, one variety, with larger and brighter flowers 
than the other; O. ampliatum, two vars.; O. divaricatum ; leu- 
cochilum, with a spike 11 feet long; O. Baueri, and a var. of O. 
Cebolleta; O. stramineum, and O. pictum; to these may be 
xténia résea; Phaius Wallichii; Peristéria cerina, with 
pretty wax-like cups ; Schombtrgkia crispa, and a variety of it 
with umbellate flowers, having white peduncles, dark sepals and 
petals, and a white labellum, An immense plant of Vanilla pla- 
nifélia covers the back wall of one of the houses; it is 30 feet 
long, with numerous spikes of large greenish flowers. Zygopé- 
talum rostratum, a free-flowering species, is also in bloom, with 
Z. crinitum. new Cyrtochilum is, moreover, showing a strong 
flower-stem 1} inch in diameter, which has already reached 3 ft. 
in height; the leaves are 3 feet long, narrow and tapering; 
rge, d slightly ribbed; it is a 
native of Mexico. Several Cattleyas from S. America are showing 
lower, and some are apparently new; Coltimnea Schiedeana is 
flowering well, in a pot suspended near the glass: excess of light 
seems favourable to it, for the leaves and flowers are much high 
coloured than usual. Two healthy plants of Cephalotus follicu- 
aris are growing in small pots, in a compost of reduced sphagnum, 
peat, and silver-sand, placed in larger pots, filled tightly round 
with moss, and covered with bell-glasses. A pretty species of 
Dianella, apparently new, from the warmer parts of Australia, and 
trained against a wall, is now in flower.—W. Barnett, Chester- 
road, Macclesfield, 
2 
= 
IRebiews. 
The Indian Hand-book of Gardening.—By G.T.F. 
eede. Calcutta. Thacker and Co. 8vo. 
Ip is difficult for those who reside in Europe to judge 
correctly of the value of such a work as this, which re- 
lates to the details of gardening requisite in a tropical 
country. As it has reached a second edition, we presume 
jt must have been found useful in India. To E 
Speede recommends as perennial border plants. How- 
ever, as we have already said, a second edition of the work 
has been called for in India, which shows that it has been 
found useful by those for whom it was intended. 
CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS for the ensuing week. 
In a short time the Gooseberry and other Caterpillars will 
commence their depredations ; and unless we are previously 
prepared for their destruction, we shall have once more to re~ 
count their ravages. In consequence of what is stated in a 
eading article, vol. ii., p. 203, I was last season induced to try 
ammoniacal liquor from the gas-works for their destruction, and 
which I found the cheapest and easiest method yet resorted to. 
allon, to each of 
the liquor varies at different gas-works, and as there is no 
for watering tender plants with as pon 
proportion need not be more than one gallon in the hundred. 
‘Where gas-liquor cannot be procured, a lump of sal ammoniac 
will probably answer as well, and be as cheap; but this and the 
last suggestion require the sanction of the chemist. The strength 
of salts, or saline manures, may be proved for practical purposes 
in the same way as the ammoniacal liquor, 
I.—KITCHEN-GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 
In-door Department. 
Prinery.—If the roots are in good condition, the usual course 
of watering, syringing, giving air, and slightly shading in the 
middle of the day, will form the routine in this department for 
some time to come. id 
/INERIES.—The Vines in the late house, or in the greenhouse, 
will probably now be so far forward that they may be trained up 
the rafters, if they have been laid in a horizontal position, to 
facilitate their breaking regularly. Keep the house moist by the 
syringe, and as there is no occasion to hurry late Grapes at this 
early stage, no fir be wanted at night. 
Peach AND Cuerry-Houses.—These will require all the air 
that can be given to them; but the atmosphere may still be kept 
moist, to ensure the proper swelling of the fruit and healthy 
foliage. 
F1es.—The early crop will now be fully swelled; the plants, 
therefore, should have a drier atmosphere and less water at the 
roots; give them abundance of air, but shut up early in the 
afternoon. 
MrLons AND CucumBers.—Keep up a vigorous heat in the 
linings; look over and thin out the plants regularly and by 
degrees. Fertilise the Melon-blossoms until more than a full 
crop is set; they can afterwards be thinned out, when all danger 
of their damping off is over. During this stage keep the frames 
ina dry state, by admitting plenty of air. 
Musu SB.— Woo 
p 
it is interesting to know how gardeners in hot countries 
proceed in their management of the plants which are here 
known only in the hot-house ; and such information is to 
be expected from a book like the present. We, however, 
cannot say that it satisfies our curiosity, or affords any- 
thing like that amount of evidence which we expected. 
For example, all the original matter that relates to the 
Pine Apple is the following, which, although useful enough 
as far as it goes, is much too succinct for our taste :— 
“ Culture. The plants should be put out in rows two 
feet asunder, the rows about four feet distant from each 
other, and the earth well drawn up to the stems ; in the 
third year they will begin to produce fruit, and as soon as 
the blossoms appear, which will be in February, the roots 
must be laid open, and all side shoots and suckers care- 
fully removed to plant out for a fresh supply of plants, if 
desired ; a basket of rotted cow-dung should then be put 
to each plant, and above that, the like quantity of fresh 
stable dung, with the litter covering the whole ; this will 
form a ridge about the stem, over which a thin layer of 
earth should be placed; a trench should then be dug on 
each side of the plants, which must be every day filled with 
water, a moderate quantity being also thrown from a fine 
rosed watering-pot, once a week, over the leaves and fruit. 
The fruit will ripen in May and June, and by pursuing 
the method here recommended, Pines may be obtained of 
as large size and as highly flavoured as the finest pro- 
curable, with the utmost care, in any part of the world.* 
The stem producing the fruit should be removed when the 
fruit is cut, and a new shoot encouraged, and no offsets 
should be allowed to remain round the base of the fruit, 
whilst it is growing, as they would draw off the nourish- 
ment, and deteriorate the flavour.”’ 
What limits the utility of Mr. Speede’s book even more 
than his conciseness, is the want of a Table of Contents ; 
and of’an index to the supplementary matter ; so that one 
never knows where to look for the native names of which 
that part is intended to explain the corresponding names 
in science. This is an oversight that should be cor- 
rected in another edition. It would be as well, too, that 
the spelling of the proper names should be revised with 
more care—Anunas for Ananas, Macrocenemum for 
Macrocnemum, arjurium for azureum, Hydeceum bisput- 
ledis for Heaven knows what, cuncifolia for cuneifolia, 
and so on—are sad blemishes. We cannot heip thinking 
moreover, that the lists of ornamental plants recommended 
* In my brother’s garden, in the years 1839 and 1840, Pines 
were grown weighing from 6 to 72lbs. each, exclusive of the top, 
a e are the greatest pests that can 
come into this house; they must therefore be kept down, by en= 
trapping them in pots baited with cold boiled Potatoes, covered 
with moss, or by enticing them into dry corners and scalding 
them with boiling water. The atmosphere of this house must be 
kept moist. 
AWBERRIES AND FrENCH-BeANs.—These must be care~ 
fully watched from this time, to see that the red spider does not 
infest them, as it will be difficult to keep down these insects in 
ouses where fruit is ripe or ripening. 
Continue to harden off Tobacco-plants, Capsicums, Tomatoes, 
Bazil, &c., which should now be strong enough to stand in a 
cold, close frame, to be shut up early in the afternoon, for a week 
or two, after which they should have air night and day till they 
are fit for planting out. 
Out-door Department. 
While young crops are advancing in all parts of the kitchen- 
garden, the ground about them can hardly be stirred too often, 
to keep an open pulyerised surface, and to destroy weeds. With 
the first warm rains the young crops after this time will advance 
rapidly, and unless such as require it are thinned out in time, 
they will soon be injured. 
Brocco.t.—Sow late spring Broccoli on a light border, and a 
few more about 30 days hence; at planting time you will have 
the choice of two sowings. 
uLirLowsrs may have the glasses removed from them 
altogether ; and see that they do not want for water. 
EET, SKIRRETT, SALSIFY, AND ScorZONERA, May be 
towards the end of the week, or in early situations ; the two latter 
may be deferred for another week : if sown too early they are apt 
to run to seed. 
<ipNey-BuANS.—A few of these may now be planted on a 
warm border, for a first crop; but if they are sown in boxes about 
the second week in May, and transplanted when all danger of 
frost is over, they will come in sooner than those planted now in 
the open groun 
SuccEssIoNAL Crops.—Peas, Beans, Spinach, Radishes, and 
other salads should now be sown oftener, as they will come more 
rapidly into use through the summer. 
SEEDS of any sweet or pot-herbs, if not already sown, should 
numbers. 
II._FLOWER-GARDEN AND SHRUBBERY. 
: n-door Department, 
Srove.—An increased supply of water and a strong moist heat 
are beneficial to most stove plants at this time, by enabling them 
to make afree, healthy growth; they also require less air during 
this stage. If the expression is allowable, all sorts of plants 
under protection, with the exception of Heaths and perhaps a 
few other hardy tribes, should have a gentle forcing about this 
time; this would enabie them to make an earlier growth, and 
would, as it were, lengthen the summer season for ripening their 
wood, which is one of the grand secrets towards obtaining 
healthy plants and abundance of flowers and fruit. 
HENHOUSE.—Tie above remarks apply also to this house, 
only in a different degree. See that the stimulus is not too great 
for these plants, as it would be more injurious than keeping them 
