614 THE GARDENERS CHRONIC 
BR. Philips, Esq.; White do., Mr. Rogers. White and Red worthy gardener at Hurst House) succeeds so eminently in its 
Currants, Sir T, C. Sheppard ; Black do., R. Philips, Esq. Brace cultivation, T will briefly describe his system of culture, although 
t, jt may not differ materially from that by which many gardeners 
are accustomed to growit. In the autumn, after the plant has P 
done flowering, it is removed first to the greenhouse to harden their attraction of ammonia. : : 
fy a little, eer if there be no fear of frost, ld out of doors Of the fifth chapter, headed ‘The Inorganic Consti- 
for a time. uring winter it is accommot ated in a back-shed, ” sobic justly 
i inj ited i tuents of Plants,’ Dr. Mohl says, that Liebig justly 
here it cannot b d it is Ss 
Where It can ae EO abo Cg ne rejects the prevailing opinion, that the salts absorbed by 
2 
Beans, 1, Mr. Rogers; 2, do., Mr. Foster. Kidney Beans, 1, 
R. Philips, Esq.; 2, do., Lord Vernon; Dwarf do., Lord Vernon. 
ips, R. Phi Esq. Carrots, Mr. Foster. Cauliflowers,» 
R. Philips, Esq. Red Celery, T. Hart, Esq. Parsley, Mr, Rogers.” 
Autumn and Spring Onions, Sir T. C. Sheppard. White and 
‘Red Kidney Potatoes, Mr. Foster ; Round White do., Mr. Foster ; 
Red do., R. Philips, Esq. Rhubarb, Mr. Rogers.—DAHLIAS :— 
Best 6, Lord Vernon; 2, do., Mr. Holmes. Yellow, 1, 2, 3, Mr. 
aes eae Le oy the Bee SRG Ue hee Sues, ce ve ts (or organic, formed by the plants themselves) into neutral 
D 1 : ve, i aoe 
are belie Eg tle Lea cTeeace Severe tae or acid salts ;—that, considering the constant presence cf 
check, and remains in a partially dormant state for a few weeks. | these acids, we have to infer that they serve some vital 
ie ae cus Ue ares tn oh rene a the nature ee purpose, and that mes formas Se TOE ey 
aA H eae pen air, supposing | sary part of the vital process. ence, Liebig arrives 
Uy Soir Sener tee pital it i FSR Rly ma the conclusion, that several earthy or alkaline bases can 
growth, and ultimately flowers in profusion. A white Maurandya, be substituted for each other in the vital process, and that 
aed Bites ye ee ore Re a Tere Piet the quantity of the saline bases absorbed by plants depends 
ve retty, osite, vase, ‘jety 0: fs * roe 
Drommondi was plooming beautifally; Kalosénthes Teooeinies, TET oapialty a ko — pli 
3 work. Still, it cannot be considered as 
Plumbago capensis, profusely producing its beautiful blue perfectly evident, for it is only supported by the analysis 
of two plants. Whether the enigma which still shrouds 
f incipal collection | the absorption of inorganic substances has been thus 
of the Citrus tribe. ‘The centre of the house is divided into long: solved Dr. M. thinks doubtful. This theory, he says, is, 
narrow pits, about two feet in width; between each pit is a path | iy this respect, one-sided, —that it regards only the basal 
s proportion of earth and alkali, and neglects the consider- 
were, a series of espaliers, the one behind the other ; the branches | ation of the specific prop’ ti which appert: to sucl 
of the trees in front are kept so thin that they do not intercept | substances in a lesser or greater degree. Many facts shew 
too much of the light from those behind, thus the greatest pos- that the replacing of one base by another is only possible 
. to a certain extent; that, moreover, the same quantity of a 
ae oaded sat in te a of anatoration, tie large certain base, which may be absolutely required for the 
s, &c. . ; ‘ 
Shaddcks, &, having a beautiful topesane® Several plants of | Prosperity of one a acct aa) @ ‘poisons tol auO<Ae%p 
Passifiora quadrangularis are trained along wires near the glass, | &c. In this respect, lime more especially is conspicuous, 
and are producing numerous fine fruit. "Phe beautiful Mandevilla | as the flora of the calcareous Alps, compared with that of 
suavedlens, planted in a border, and running the whole length primitive rocks, clearly proves. In this respect some 
of arafter, is growing and flowering as well as if it were inits wild plants are very fastidious, and will only bear one certain 
ing beautifully, in a similar situation ; Jasminum ‘azoricum and | sort of soil, whilst others grow in both. In the species 
ae ae SE eS Sataell Suge eaaiyitne which may be called fastidious of soil, the suistititr 
and sev y mn 
ouse. A strong plant of Bignonia grandiflora (2) is just putting of one base for anor cannot be oor Mol exemines 
A what Liebig has stated or retracted in his late work, 
screen Creel ea Pe a aleretn aiinose Plant: of | «¢ Organic Chemistry in its Relation to the Doctrines of 
Aree Cer, forms a beantifal object, being loaded with myriads Dr. Grubes and Sprengel.” Dr. M. considers the 
of its little red berries a handsome plant of the Cinnamon-tree | explanations of L. in that place only as additional proofs 
EN AE ae eae Boe Te of his inconsistency, and another sample ot the hegre 
another 3 A ie fens 
pretty Ipomceacalled ficifolia, trained over a parrel-shaped trellis. Te petrecnt BIC, AN reece senna ier ie 
eaching from the floor to the glass, eighteen feet in | is that Liebig means.” In only one instance, concludes 
height, i eae singular-looking. plant, ro at Oe Mont Dr. M., the author has spoken plainly; viz., in alluding to 
tains in South Merce oP ear lanceolate leaves, about | silica, of which be sye that it is the first solid substance 
that is taken up by plants, and is that, moreover, whence 
AAPA NE the formation of wood takes its origin : acting, therefore, 
——ARebieos. like one of those particles of a solution on which the first 
4 bs crystals are formed, and that in Equisetum and the Bamboo 
Dr. Justus Liebig, in his Relation to Vegetable Physi- | silica assumes the form and functions of the wood. This 
/ ology. By Dr. Hugo Mohl. (Dr. Justus Liebig’s | theory Dr. M. calls a physiological blunder, (as it certainly 
| Verhiltniss zur Pflanzen-Physiologie.) Tubingen. | is,) proving Prof. Liebig's absolute ignorance of everything 
+—Frues. 1843. connected with the physiology of plants. 
| (Continued from page 576.) Ras Another important point, says Prof. Mohl, (p. 375) 
' Ina chapter like that ‘* On the Origin and Assimila- | which L.’s theory does not explain, is, that the saline bases 
tion of Nitrogen,” it was to be: presumed that Liebig | absorbed by plants are not only absorbed in the shape © 
would have examined the form under which ammonia is | carbonates, (which are easily decomposed by the mere vege- 
conveyed to the plants. As almost all plants grow 1 | table acids,) but often also in the shape of phosphates, 
black mould, the relation existing between the atmo- | cuiphates, &c. According to all experience, these salts 
spheric ammonia and the humus was to be examined—a | are not less essential to vegetation than those bases com- 
topic interesting not only in a theoretical but practical | }ined with organic acids. Silica, also, is an ingredient 
point of view. But L. treats the matter very slightly, | equally essential to the growth of most, if not all, plants. 
merely stating (p- 83) that humus stands in the same) Which part these substances take in the vital process, is 
. . says M.) almost unknown, unless jndeed, we may pre- 
densing the ammonia. But we have seen already that pet re the sulphates yield plants the sulphur required 
humus can not be supplied by charcoal, and although the | + some of their organs. Of the phosphates we know 
latter substance absorbs ammonia even more forcibly than | still less ; we are ignorant why they chiefly occur in young 
humus, yet plants will sly BEOppey ta ts This, therefore, plants, and in their seed; and we are perfectly ignorant of 
nice ne corroborate Mgt assertions The Se of 8 | the quantity required for vegetable growth—for analysis 
true chemist, in this case, instead of being satisfied with | snows that the amount of phosphates varies considerably 
the trivial fact that rotten wood absorbs ammonia, would even in the same organ in plants grown on different soils, 
have been rather to inquire whether these two substances | 5. is best seen in the different sorts of grain. 
will combine, and what combinations they willform. €, ¢ (To be continued, 
Sprengel and Mulder have lately asserted that humus and PA — Z 
ammonia will form combinations soluble in water ; Saus- Anaphytosis 3 or, t of Plants: being @ 
sure also found, in all sorts of humus, a soluble nitro- gH 
genous extract, by which he explains the conveyance oF | / 4 45. 
nitrogen to plants. Instead of making experiments, andy of Plants. By Dr. Cc. H. Schultz. Berlin, 1849 
without even taking notice of those of such men as the Hirschwald. 8vo, pp. 214. [Die Anaphytose © 
above, Liebig despatches the whole question with the Verjiingung der Pflanzen. ] 
assertion that the humic substances contained in black | Tu1s is the title of a boo 
mould (Damm Ere) are entirely insoluble in water. Berlin, who, having previous ‘ i ¢ to 
The explanation of the action of gypsum on plants is | Rejuvenescence of Human Life, has applied himsel the 
connected by L. with the existence of carbonate of ammo- | the regeneration of all nature. It is difficult to bring ne 
nia in the atmosphere. He assumes that gypsum is | ideas of the author into, a compass adequate to our dati 
decomposed by the carbonate ‘of ammonia of the air; and | we will, however, endeavour to state their leading © 
he considers it, therefore, a means of fixing ammonia, | racters. % 
and conveying it to plants; and he adds that—‘ This is Dr. S. begins by stating, that “It is often n 
obvious from the evident action of gypsum on the growth | merely to refute scientific error, but a full result of 
of grasses, and by the increased Juxuriance and fertility of | refutation will be only achieved when, in lieu © Als 
meadows manured with gypsum.’ ‘This explanation | and mistakes, something better and true is Pre ning 
(replies Dr. Mobl) is only true in a chemical, but not in | The main object of the au! os 
a physiological point of view; because it is well known | passage — ‘The recent progress of science, ‘ rart of 
that gypsum is most beneficial to leguminous plants. But | prompts us strongly to re : a 
if its action consisted in fixing ammonia, there is no reason Botany in accordance with the laws of ee Lineus, 
why it should not act beneficially on all plants, especially | must ‘be acknowledged. that, since the time 9 fa mecha- 
on Corn. And although L. asserts the latter to be the | it has not much progressed beyond the limits 0 
fact, (Am. d. Chem. u. Pharm. xli. p. 369), yet the | nical terminology, which still forms the w oll Gewayaten! 
farmers, who are pretty good judges in these matters, will | phological knowledge.’” This work, in fact it Fata fear 
not agree with the Professor. If L. explains in a farther | of Vegetable Physiology, or at ast in its of He ie 
part of his work the manuring influence of burnt clay and | tures. The author, in the subsequent pages f ie 
oxyde of iron by their attraction of ammonia,—an influ- | face, proceeds to censure the dogmatism th apetiead 
ence which, (he says) could not have been previously un- | Botanists, and to complain that the aversion of theor 
Holmes. Spotted, &c., 
Vernon. Scarlet, 1, Lord Vernon; 2, R. Philips, Esq.; 3 
Mr. Holmes. ——_ 
West Kent Floral and Horticultural Society, Aug. 2.—This well- 
conducted Exhibition took place as usual in the grounds attached 
to Vanburgh House, Blackheath, and was not so numerously 
Esq., for @ collection of Cockscombs ; 4, A. Rowland, Esq., for 
Cut Roses ; 5, Mr. Randell, for Seedling Dahlias. For Collections of 
Fruit, 1, Jas. Bruce, Esq. ; 2, H. Stainton, Esq. ExTra Prize to 
the Rev. R.Greenlaw. Melons, Mr. Steadman. Grapes, Mr. Bunt. 
For Vegetables, 1, Jas. Bruce, Esq.; 2,— Brandrom, Esq. ; 3, H. 
Stainton, Esq. 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
Wine from the common Bramble.—Five measures of 
the ripe fruit with one of honey and six of water, boiled 
and strained, and left to ferment—then boiled again and 
put in casks to ferment, are said to produce an excellent 
‘Wine. The colour of Wine is often rendered darker by a 
mixture of Blackberries with the Grapes.— Loudon’s 
Gardeners’ Magazine. 
To make Raisin Wine.—Half Smyrnas and half 
Malagas are best, seven pounds to the gallon—wine 
measure. Boil the water and Jet it stand to get cold 5 
pick out thei argest stalks, and wash out the barrel with a 
little brandy ; put the fruit in whole, and let it stand six 
or seven months, according to the quantity made. If the 
fruit be good and new it will require rather a large cask 
to give it room to swell, and should not be stopped down 
until it has done working, but stir it every two or three 
days. If it be made all of Malagas, and not high-coloured 
enough, draw a jugful the night before bottling, mix some 
purnt sugar in it, and put alittle into every pottle,—a cwt. 
will require a barrel sufficiently large to hold 22 or 23 |. 
gallons.— Anonymous. 
Dock-Mud.—This is probably a most valuable fertiliser. 
Tt contains the whole wash of the city; and after a rain- 
storm,{the most valuable portion of the street dirt settles 
in the docks. Soap-suds, soap-lees, fish-offal, blood, 
pot-liquor, &c., are the greater portion of them collected 
in the dock-mud. The very smell from the docks, when 
foul, or the tide is low, is a pungent proof of its fertilising 
power. This material should be collected in some con- 
venient spot where it can be landed, put into heaps under 
open sheds, mixed with lime, plaster, or charccal, and let 
lie until a thorough decomposition takes place, and then 
applied to the land. There can be no doubt that one cart- 
Joad from such a compost-heap would be more valuable 
to the farmer than three loads of the best street-dirt. It 
has been objected by some that dock-mud contains salt. 
This, instead of being an objection, will be found to be 
one of its most valuable properties. The celebrated guano- 
manure contains more than 30 per cent. of sea-salt, a 
larger portion probably than would be found in dock-mud. 
J should consider that a compost made from dock-mud 
would be very little, if any, inferior to the guano-manure. 
—American Agriculturist. [We trust the Editor is 
more correct in his other statements than in this concern- 
ing the per centage of sea-salt in guano, which contains 
little more than a trace of it.] 
‘Mushrooms.—Some people assert that the Mushroom, 
or that part which springs from, or appears above the 
earth, is the stem, or principal part of the plant, and those 
parts under the earth, its roots. If this be the case, the 
rules which regulate vegetable growth are totally departed 
from ; for, asa stem, or principal part, with its append- 
ages, advance from the earth, its roots spread in the earth 
in proportion and at the same time; but to aver that the 
roots will extend of themselves in the earth, without the 
stems, or its buds expanding, or advancing in growth with 
them, is nothing less than nonsense ;: and in this case the 
Mushroom, being the last part produced, after the plant in 
the earth extends in all directions, and goes through the 
various stages of growth, is evidently the fruit and flower 
combined ; and as the plant is subterraneous, it pushes its 
fructifying part into the air to perfect its seminal organs, 
and resembles in this respect aquatic plants at the time of 
flowering, a8 they send their flowers above water for the 
same purpose.— E. Owens, in the Tr i of the 
Gardeners’ Society of Ireland. * [This is: very'true, and 
the observation does credit to the acuteness of Mr. Owens, 
who does not seem to be aware of the views of modern 
Botanists on the subject.] 
GARDEN MEMORANDA: 
Mrs. Sherbourne, Hurs,, House, near Prescot, Lancashire.—On. 
‘entering a glazed passage leading to the principal range of stoves, 
—J. W. Jones. 
kk of Professor Schultz, of 
ly published 2 work on the 
ot enough 
such 
or 
error 
t 
