4 632 
THE GARDENERS’ 
CHRONICLE. 
[SEPT. 9, 
definition includes (says Dr. Mohl), some anomalies, and 
does not apply to several reputed kinds of food. Starch, 
for instance, is certainly one of the substances on which 
man feeds ; yet he could not live on it alone. In farther 
explanation of his views, Liebig adduces the example of a 
i grain of Wheat, which contains the necessary ingredients of 
q the germ, and the first fibres of roots ; and he adds that we 
q have to suppose that these ingredients are mixed just in 
i the proportion that is required for the development of those 
organs. If one of the ingredients, say starch or gluten, 
were superabundant, they would not serve either for the 
formation of leaves or otherwise. Carbon, also, as well 
as ammonia and water, are always combined in plants 
with an azotised matter; and it is for this reason that 
substances, containing no nitrogen, like gum, sugar, &c., 
and consequently no humic acid (which stands next to 
them in a chemical point of view), are not used as food 
by plants, but would rather impede the vital process and 
ti kill the plant. (p. 116.) In analysing this string of 
4 assertions, Dr. Mohl observes, in the first instance, that 
the absorption of azotised compounds as food by plants 
is a fact doubted by no one; but he doubts whether the 
q quantitative proportion betw een the absorption and 
digestion of azotised and unazotised substances, assumed 
, by Liebig, be based on fact, LL. says that this proportion 
4 must exist in the grains of Wheat. But Hermbstadt’s 
4 fine experiments on the different sorts of grain show quite 
i the contrary ; for one sort of Wheat contains 41 per cent. 
i of starch to 34 per cent. of gluten, whilst another sort 
shows a proportion of 65 to 9. But this varying propor- 
tion of azotised and unazotised substances also occurs in 
the organs of vegetation themselves, as may be seen in 
the roots of Beet cultivated on a soil rich in vegetable 
mould, or in one manured with animal matter. Chemistry, 
therefore, does not support Liebig’s assertions. Indeed 
he himself, in some degree, contradicts his own state- 
, ments, when he says (p. 119) that if plants obtain a 
greater proportion of carbon than of nitrogen, then the 
fi carbon will not be used for forming gluten, or albumen, 
t or wood, nor for any constituent part of an organ, but 
: will be secreted in the form of sugar, starch, oil, wax, 
i resin, mannite, gum, &c. 
i (To be Slate 
Hooker's Icones Plantarum, Yok II., New Series ; or 
Vol. VI. of the entire work, has appeared, with a most 
interesting selection of plants. The figures are executed 
in the same bold style as those of former volumes, and 
are remarkable for the vigour and truth of the drawings. 
Among them are many from the Straits of Magellan, 
which just now are particularly acceptable. Others are 
from New Zealand, and will be useful to the more scientific 
among the settlers in that colony ; as, for example, the 
Miro Tree and the Mai, (two species of Podocarpus) ; 
most curious species, thought to be of the same genus, 
with the habit of Lycopodium phlegmaria ; Ourisia ma- 
I erophylla, a handsome herbaceous plant of the Fox-glove 
tribe ; Phyll tri the Tanehaha Tree, 
f one of the finest of the Coniferze ; and a fine blue Lobelia 
physaloides, from the woods of Wangaroa. Among Van 
Diemen’s Land novelties are those curious plants called 
by Don, Athrotaxis, which form a very peculiar set of 
Coniferze, nearly allied to Cunninghamia. Containing 
such illustrations as this the work would be one of the 
most acceptable of all presents in our southern colonies, 
and ought, in fact, to be found in every public Colonial 
Library. 
eee cae OF OPERATIONS for the ensuing week, 
imber of inquiries ahout the best ig wanes 
ite of ‘eating ne hy the e trough system, Ce 
which I have answered privately; the t I shall eee 6 
answer ne m time to time, in observations it ‘the head of the Calendar ; 
Lol as this c can only be 
ferent queries, I shall draw up a paper or ty 
of which will probably be ready for p 
Me a What depth Be 
eae one inquires ; 
advocates of the 
system than i OuBN 
eat zien ns “Ns a body of rae in these tanks does 
is one of ie most important 
eee 
ane 
point, bui 
noe prety va received : 
inches depth of water in the troughs at the time, and the 
Kept at about 60°. When we had from 7° to 10° of Frost, the heat of the 
Water at the surface was 140°, and as the frost increased w 
inerease the heat of the water up to 156°, and a few degre 
once or twice. This being ascertained, the water in the troughs was 
t inches to two inches in depth; this depth of 
water kept up the | iaeerstires as usual, is, two inches in depth of 
waterat 140° kept the temperature of the Mode at 60°, when the frost 
‘was 10° out-of-doors. Except in hard weather our troughs were never 
i Seeing, Hise lees that the heat is 
e- Tight babatnel: six or seven wide, will pena require 
ank to stand ute ae in depth, if it be intended 
h is not suitable for increased 
be the exact ri ee for 
et the canton ‘voters to Melon and Cucumber 
makes no provision for moistening the 
a a a gardener cannot vey ele ae 
e soilin the pode of hi is ee oy 
1 
t 
Jeading a ticle of Inst x 
batt A A “Where an open tank 
the s team raat ines sbie the soil, anil ved tee “th 
ks become foul with soil that drains into spicy and by degrees 
are choked,’? Now, this mere mud is the yery best Aes that can 
be for growing Melons and Cucumbers in, pane you keep a dry 
atmos; e surface of the also quite dry, and 
stirred three or four ea Ras Melons hl Cucumbers for the 
markets of Mexico have been grown on beds of mere mud, floating 
on the lake of Chalco, rece at city, time out of mind, to say 
nothing of the ‘foating beds of Cashmere, where great ahantities of 
elons, Cucumbers, and Gourds are grow: 
the ook on the esulect in our language, has this remark bearing 
on tie subjee ae They (the fine Melons of Persia), are found to 
require a very high temperature and dry atmosphere, and an ex- 
tremely humid soll.” 
I.—KITCHEN-GARDEN AND ORCHARD, 
In-door Department. 
ERy.—Now that the beds ae settled down to a more tem- 
perate bottom-heat, see a they do not lower too much, for want of 
turning the ish 3 as they are growing fast, they will stand a brisk 
bottom-heat o: l 
will also stand a ee current 0 
and ripen them, ae : were, before the dull days overtake them in a 
(eto aoe e. We can never 
iat ints of all i 
y are in rotons if we get them well ripened, as the season 
saeee, they Bre Detter fitted to stand against our long dull winters ; 
and as Pines require so much light for this purpose, we ma: 
may, there- 
keep them Tonge growth late in the autumn, and fires m: 
fore, be applied sooner ie Se than to other stove pee 8. 
INERY.—In spring w 
e most air at the top of # 
oots from ripening so fast as the 
ether this be so or not, experience has 
taught us that ‘these had aoe better be oe awa} 
eos Apricor, Cuerry, or Fig- in boxes, in these 
rane except any of the latter that are tint beariigtemiahOwOne he 
turned’ out. Bela a a north pit and ned at once. Some of the 
earliest sige Ce in pot: s for forcing often throw up flower eae 
at this time ; if there is a good stock on hand these might be ¢ 
couraged, and mol produce a few dishes in Ee otherwise 
the flower-stems “aunt th cut off as they snes 
door Departm: 
Wheeling i an wa a ices for yacant pica ‘of ground, and di igging 
or trenching ; looking after the Onions, to get them well dried 
ying up eee ‘and Endive occasionally, with the general routine 
oF weeding and keeping the ground clear, is the principal work now 
in the kitchen-garden. 
Composrs.—About this une we mix up a twelvemonths’ store of 
what we call universal compost, and put it under cover while dry; it 
is made up of exhausted Melon. ake Fone en dung, and leaves, the 
refuse of the potting-sheds, also Fe t winter! 's gatherings from hedges, 
Lee ditches, Au sides, &c., that have been carted to the com- 
and exposed to the atte all the season. Not a blade 
of Grass or a withered flower should be lost. Depend on it, if there 
be one secret in gardening more than another, it is to keep a sharp 
eye over the cea 
a have any more left on the seed-beds there i: i 
P vacant ground now for them, and they will come in 
some purpose by on yy. 
CaAuLIFLow anOul id also be got out in fe be they may 
be protected, He nireparal for planting under hand-el nd frames. 
Lerruces.—While the weather is fine get in igs jeg sowing for 
the late spring auontte a the week is out. 
ELERY may get a good earthing-up now, when the soil is dry, 
and so may the Gasdoouts as they have now finished the greater part 
of their growt! 
ES promise well; pinch off all their heal shoots, and 
stop the leaders just as you would the Vines; but they like more 
sun than Grapes, and you may cut off some of their leaves to let the 
sun reach them 
f the weal tee side- shoots my now be cut 
Place Bean- 
blow them 
into a pot rning; this will soon thin them. Se 
that you iow HHETHEnTeR GF eT YOU Padehes before the fruit season 
is over; if you paid attention to the size of the flowers, the leaves and 
fruit will now goa good way to rmine ieee right names. Tei i ithe 
jortant that everything 2 stout eos etly named. Mats or canvas 
over Goosel t bushes might tae he taken off, and the 
dead leaves and fruit adaved away; when all is eee a ee 
put on the coverings again. Wasps and flies are not ver, uble- 
some this ee d thereis a chance of keeping fruit fow abit eats 
—FLOWER-GARDEN AND SHKUBBERY, 
-door Departmen 
Srove.—Alter this time the syringe ge? not be much used, and 
the wate: in the etme 3) ni as little water be 
thrown about as possible; admit large of air, and let the 
house be shut up, with everything dry Ba sweet; for the night ; all 
this will prepare the plants gradually to go quietly to rest hefore the 
winter. more growth this autumn pend fy much good, there- 
fore take care of what is made, and be conten 
GREENHOUSE. young stock in ie mance was neyer in 
better condition than it ts this ay and the rule of gate gone 
first served ? is always adhered t 
their young 
it is much better to order soon wl 
may get the eream of the stock, atl have time to recover the latte 
from the effects of carriage, before the winter sets in. 
have just heard that a new plant for the con- 
servatory has appeared near London, called, or to he called, Lisian- 
thus nigricdns ; and if it 
anus, it will be a welcome any. Might n 
give us Ms paper on his treatment of the latter? many people find a 
difficulty in managin. ee will now b ward 
off the sun from this house; the ts will require much less water, 
and the house should he kept Aa and shut up early in the after- 
anp Frames should be filled with good things for next 
As soon as the cuttings are struck let them have a few w te ks 
OUEIOr SORE possible ; ie wil revive them much before Reiter a 
will also enable them to stand the confinement with greater Geena 
R-GAR “Xow ee who make use of annuals after the 
middle of June w 0 have blanks among their beds, while 
ve who despise tices TED plants will have full display till 
off by frost. From the middle of April, therefore, to the middle 
of sitter is the proper time for these assistants, while more permanent 
things are coming forward fe take their places.—D. Beaton, Shrub- 
land Parle arabs ate wie 
ee 
State of the Weathe ok the last 17 years, for the ensuing 
cenit September 1 16, 184 
Se of rng Wind 
Si Me: Years in Is 
Sept. |Highest west ik iP | quantity | : 
| Dawtvic mp. | Temp ere uf ain nds a 
68.6 58.7 u | Ler Te 4 
68.0 57.9 8 0.46 4 
665 56.0 F 2) 
66.2 56.3 8 4! 
GHB 57.0 8 2 5|— 
Gia 55 9 9 03 1] 3} 6 
66.8 67.0 8 0.50 ua 
The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the 12th, 
1841—thermometer 84°; and the lowest on the 10th, Cbsoe eseigarteer BH, 
State of the Weather near London for the week ending Sept. 7, 1843, as 
observed at the Horticultural Spek, Chiswick, 
Banomerrn, 
1. Fogay ; very hot throughout for the period of the season overcast, 
2. Heavy dew; slight haze; hot and sultry; clear. 
5. Heavy dew with slight haze; hot and dry with bright sun; lightly 
over 
4 Clear; vine with bright sun + clear at night, 
5. Heavy de rth wind at 
6. ona and rae salmon exceed ingly fine ebai tiu 
7. Heavy dew with slight donclens ahd hobs plows and fin 
Me o tmpensure of the week 6° above the avera 
Sept. 
REPORT ON CO Ed “GA RDEN MARKET, 
For the Week ending Sept. 8, 1843. 
Tue continued fine weather proved the quality, cle in- 
creased the supply, of ails and Vegetables of almost ever: 
but in consequence eat number of the nobility rina centred 
to their country seats, the ‘demand a8, been rather du Fines are 
exceedingly plentiful, and ai of excellent qu Grap 
are supplied in very large quactitier: eae Dhak te aeioiee ch 
and ‘Muscat of le suas te ae selling at from 2s. to 4s. per lb, 
fered at nearl, ices as last Ae Plum 
Muscle; the Orl 
5 10 
Cucumberspgper brace, are vont 5d. to 1s. 
and plentiful, and bring from 2s. to 6s. per doz. 
nips are plentiful. Peas are offered at from 3s. to 
French and Windsor Beans bring nearly the same a ices as }} 
‘Tomatoes are from 6s, t re 78. per He sieve. Some good Endive may 
be got, at ae he cae ede per score. Carrots and Shallots are 
plentiful. Griey nine nately Suen, Pelargoniums, 
Verbenas, Catena eta Stocks, Dahlias, and Pansies. 
RICES, Saruapas, September 9, 1843. ved 
Pine Apple, per Ib.,3s to herries, Wall, per Ib., 1s to 2s 
Guyer hothouse, per, 1b, 2 to4s Raspberries per gallon, 7d to le 
Portoga Damsors, “SVs, Bs tO 4,6 
Reaches, per Apple: es, deer, per busi be 
per bush. 256d to 6s 
jeve, 
0 
Cabbages and tur- 
Belbayper hele 
Oranges, Be eyeniits Od wi Bb 
rT 100, eas ws 248 
Lemons, ber dor. 246 
r 100, 
Cuoumbirs, per brace, bain Is 
Gherkins, per 1,000, 5s 
= Gages per pummery 
= Gages, Cieen, (Baleng) per hf- 
07 
Brazil, 
Hs celona, 228 to 248 
as eiondeaetespeitersey fee 
Cherries, Morello, standards, per hf. Billets, lish Pr0dlbs., yAtato be 
Tomatoes per hf,-sy. 6s 
VEGETABLES. 
2s to 
Cabbages, per doz. $d to Is 34 
beh., i Ge to Bs 
Leeks, per doz. bu 
Caulifiowers, per dozen, 28 to 6: Onions, Spring p . do 
Beans, Kidney, per hf-sieve, Ie to 204 Large 
panish, Der doz ved toe 
“\aariie, serie, oat 
Chilis, per 100, 1s 0" i 
Win 
Pens, per sv., 35 00 4s 
Potatous, New, per ton, 20s to 60s Peas, per bushel, 2s to 3s 
er cwt., 1s Gd to de _ sn sack, 36 to 68 
per bushel, 1s to 28 6 Lettuce, Cabb., p. score, Od t 
K p. bush., 2s to 4s Cos, per score, but 1nd 
Artichokes, praens f doz, 1sto 8s |C. elery. p-bd., (12 to is}oM to i ed 
Vegetable Marrows, per doz., 6d tol |Small dian per punnet, 2d to 3d 
7. bunches, 2s to Sweet Basil, per doz. wi miehes, 2s to ds 
Watercress, per do 
Parsley, per half si 
‘Tarragon, per do: inv oe sh to Bs 
Fennel, per dos, buny 2¢ to 8 
Endive, per score, 1s to 
Mint, per doz. ‘bunches 
Shallots, | er 1perda te oa ‘arjoram, ) per Are 4az 
en, per bunch, 4d Mushroonie, per bottle, 1a Gd to Be 
Spihach, por sieve, 1s 6d to 2¢ Wallnuts, Green, per bushel, 7s to 99 
olices to Correspondents, 
MAnures.—B, F.—This is the wrong season for top-dressing 
is with Potter's Guano, or an: a manures, They 
should be applied when plants are in full growth, or are just 
about to grow ; the Het da i aie chaning togrow. You 
had better give your bed a goo f rotten dung in the 
end of October or bexinning of November, Bites the Aspai ree Ue 
stem is dead, and then Potter’s Guano, at the rate of 2 lbs, to 
rod, in April, repeating the dose in June and the Beginning 
of August. Two cee ae acre of this inate will be found 
Saueitent ee aay, fiel 
Pena Lge Be inquired whether any of our readers 
used any Gants in growing their Tulips last season ; and if so, 
what effect it had upon them, and the mode and quantity of 
Guano used. 
Feuir-rrre Borpers.—R. E.—Your aid Maal on a slope 
affords you the command o: C5 t to drain off the 
water after it has ane through the eupecratttn of your garden, 
however prompt! this may be effected, is not all that eee. ih 
desired; for in its continual progress it chills the A) of y 
0 the difference there is between its tes 
= 
springs by a deep drain along the outside of your garden at 
top. With regard to the wall borders, as the subsoil is bad, it 
will be pettsy not to disturb it; for to break part of 1 ED and 
mix with th op soil would only deteriorate the latter. 
layer of coner ee interposed, sloping from the wall, between the 
bad subsoil and the top portion is the best remedy. he trees 
should be carefully taken up in autumn, and as the border is 
prepared, replanted it shallow, eNe their roots wit 
rich turfy loam. -A drain should ade in ut ont lower than 
the bed of concrete ; but whilst this made against 
stagnant moisture, a sufficient Hubhy of ater eet not be 
withheld. If you trench as near the stems o! standard 
rees as you can without depriving them of too Saat roots, 
they will begin to bear as soon a young roots are struck out 
in the fresh-stirred soil; or, your dwarfs are growing 
vigorously, instead of shortening in winter, have recourse t0 
summer pruning. || June 30, have to apologise for the 
answer to this letter having been mislaid by our assistant till 
now. It is, however, still in good time for operations, 
HEATING. — R. G, L.—In our opinion it is of no great consequence 
which of the many boilers now in oe semplayey We should 
be guided in some measure BA their e, Most of them answer 
the purpose very well. AaB ae 
terial; the iia they are ae longer the 
. We arly 
the 
a3 po ossible, he rand Anfogin lam throngh the meditim 0 
vovsuctva boiler as that described at page ‘380 ue 
ir 1842 may be obtained; and, if posal bles how 
t, so that the fire-flue may, 
round, through, and over it. 
ee 
