i 
| 
448 
THE GARDENERS 
CHRONICLE. 
[Juty 1, 
encouraged for a moment the ~ supposition that such 
object is to be gained by the mingling of herboristic 
notions with the more scien parts of the subject. 
That the medical student acquires but little by his attend- 
ance at botanical lectures, is not an uncommon fancy 
among the senior members of the profession. Some 
eminent men have gone so far as to denounce it as lost 
time. The utmost the student is supposed to carry away 
is a knowledge of the names, classes, and orders of such 
plants as furnish products used in medicine. It seems 
to me that the true object of the connexion of Natural 
History studies with more professional pursuits is, as in 
this case, too generally lost sight of, and I gladly avail 
myself of this opportunity to urge their claims on your 
attention, and to plead for them on grounds which have 
not been put forward sufficiently prominent hitherto, 
though by no means novel, seeing that the positions I am 
about to maintain are avowedly acknowledged in private 
by most scientific teachers, though rarely advanced in the 
class-room. The plea which I wish to advance is, that 
the main use of the Natural History sciences to the 
student is not merely the teaching him a certain number 
of facts, the recollection of which may be serviceable to 
him in after-life, but the training his mind, by means of 
the peculiar forms of research which characterise those 
sciences, to that tone and vigour which must be of the 
utmost consequence in giving him power for future pro- 
fessional avocations of a different nature, especially such 
as are to form the after-occupations of the student of 
medicine. 
“The two qualities most essential to the physician are 
correct observation and accurate discrimination. The 
first depends mainly on the power of seizing all the features 
of an object or case with clearness and facility, detecting 
adventitious characters at sight, and excluding such from 
all influence on our conclusions. The second implies 
powers of just comparison, of perceiving the mutual 
relations of parts or facts, and of testing the possible 
with the whic! 
accom mopany them. Now though all men are endowed 
with the elements of these qualities, all are not born 
correct observers or accurate discriminators. Men must 
be educated into such. The mind must be trained to 
reason justly, the instruments of the mind to observe 
correctly. The classical and mathematical studies of our 
youth are not intended merely to teach classics and 
mathematics, but to train us to the business of life, and 
to right judgment in the higher pursuits of men. The 
bodily exercises of our youth have not for their object 
merely those pleasures which such exercises afford, but 
the strengthening of our physical powers in order to 
ensure us a healthy and vigorousmanhood. The tr: aining 
of the mind makes the intellectual man, the training of 
the body the physical man. The end is gained in both 
cases by means essentially distinct from thatend. Now I 
hold that Natural History should be regarded in a similar 
light among the studies of the young physician. 
“The first lesson of Natural History is observation. 
The study of an animal or vegetable species is the per- 
fection of observation as far as that species is concerned. 
The form, the substance, the qualities, the phenomena 
of existence, the influence of surrounding objects, are all 
observed with the greatest precision, and defined so as to 
be capable of expression in words. No point affecting 
that species is left untouched. The study of a group or 
genus of animals or vegetables is in like manner the 
of discrimination 1 the members of the 
group are compared in all their parts with each other, the 
relations which they have incommon are summed up, and 
their differences recorded in every possible point of view. 
The causes of those relations and differences are anxiously 
inquired into, and a survey is taken of the bearings of the 
whole group to its proximate allies, and, finally, to all 
een assemblages in organized nature. 
can rise up from such a study and not feel 
ientaily strengthened? The mind through such an 
exercise must gain in both its analytic and synthetic 
owers. Such an investigation calls into action all the 
faculties, the perfectionizing of which is essential to the 
formation of a sound physician. The mental process is 
the same at the bed-side of the patient and in the cabinet 
of the naturalist : its first element, correct observation, 
leading to correct diagnosis ; the second, accurate discri- 
mination, leading to sound methods of treatment in the 
one case, and philosophical views of affinity i in the other.” 
The following is Professor Forbes’s view of the value 
of the Linnean system of Botany, long so universally fol- 
lowed, and now as universally abandoned—‘ Those who 
slightingly think of the Linnean system, as it is termed, 
forget in the present to look back fully and fairly on the 
past. They should remind themselves of the state in which 
‘otany was when Linnzeus undertook to aS its trea- 
sures The ding of things depends 
greatly on the perception of .their order and relations. 
When that order and those relations require deep study 
ere we can comprehend them clearly, the man who gives 
Ness rae jhowever insignificant it may be in its own 
ure, isnot only conferring on us an invaluable benefit, 
e 
SS pat endowing | the despised instr ‘ument with golden value. 
te stores of his Pel baviat should not forget that those 
” treasures were often amassed in the first instance by ad- 
yenturous and earnest men, rendering good service by 
~ their hands and energy, as good in its humble way ag 5 
_ which he gives by his head and philosophy. It w: 
es to be expected of such men that in the field wie tea 
~ “econ 
‘themselves with thoughts of arrangement or affi- 
nity 3 their part was to observe and select, and the guide 
to their observation and selection was in most cases no 
other than the Linnzan system. 
as in the apiary, there must be working-bees and neuters 
as well as queens and drones : it is necessary for the eco- 
nomy of the commonwealth. An easy means of acquiring 
and arranging information is a great help to the workmen 
of science, and no department has gained more thereby 
than Botany, which, through the facilities afforded by the 
artificial method devised by Linnzus, has had its facts 
amassed in enormous quantity for the use of its more phi- 
losophic votaries, and owes its present advanced state in a 
great measure to such humble means. 
“ The clue to the labyrinth then having served such 
noble purpose becomes a consecrated object, and should 
rather be hung up in the temple than thrown aside with 
ignominy. The traveller returning from his adventurous 
and perilous journey of discovery, hangs up his knapsack 
with affection on the wall of his study. But travellers 
must return to the fields, if more is to be done; and so 
must Botanists, and each must have recourse again and 
again to those helps which aided them so well in their 
earliest journeys.” 
In this we entirely agree. The merits of the Linnean 
system were transcendent for its dime, but that time has 
long passed away. Weregard it with all veneration as an 
object of antiquarian interest, but only as such. Like the 
armour that defended our ancestors, its place is among 
the relics of bygone times. 
The Lecture is terminated with the following excellent 
remarks :— 
‘Tn conclusion, whatever the ultimate view of the 
student respecting the intention of his Botanical studies 
may be,—whether to enter upon them as exercises for the 
training of those faculties which are afterwards to be 
applied to professional purposes ; or to engage in them 
with a determination of pursuing Botany as a science, and 
in the end developing its laws—-or to gain an acquaintance 
with its facts in order to lay up an intellectual treasure 
for future hours of recreation or study in a life of business 
or leisure,—J would remind him earnestly to bear in 
mind, at the same time, the more serious benefits which 
may accrue from the study of Botany. That which Lord 
Bacon said of all knowledge is especially true of this 
department, that it “is not a couch whereupon to rest a 
searching and restless spirit; or a terrace for a wandering 
and variable mind to walk up and down with a fair pros- 
pect ; or a tower of state for a proud mind to raise itself 
upon; ora fort or commanding ground for strife and 
contention ; or a shop for profit or sale, but a rich store- 
house for the glory of the Creator and the relief of man’s 
estate.” 
CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS for the ensuing week. 
From the beginning to the middle of July is the best time of the 
year to increase Roses from layers. e shoots are less brittle now, 
and on that account easier to handle than when they are ripe. 1 
is much time saved also by summer layering, as Wee Tivetsealite 
rooted, and fit to be bedded out in n next November. 
Besides, there need he no cold fee avoueeie Bouiiedapas wien 
done i ceietathe Those who intend to grow ett in 
pots foi oo ti r private use, and for early forcing also, sho 
Pave their Shute aed on some free-growing variety of the Chinese 
‘e now throwing up strong suckers or shoots from 
near the bottom, which may be layered for stocks, and | budded 
rlier 
arts of this volume. The pedhes Hal eight atop tick: tress aoUla He 
pudded is a matter of taste; for private use you had better follow 
the common herd, and have yours from nine itiches above the pot up 
to five feet or more. A few standard Roses are very useful in the 
conservatory in early spring ; and you can always hide their ugly 
stems with other plants. For exhibition, on the other hand 
standards will not do at all, unless they are exceedingly well 
managed, and rather dwarf than otherwise. For mere pot culture, 
stocks of the common China Rose are as good as any; the Bour- 
eu however, possessing the softness and exeitability of the Chinas, 
with the hardiness of the Ayrshires, are considered by all growers to 
poses, Any variety of this section will 
pe Drummond’s Thornless is one of them; so is the ‘‘Rose 
without a Thorn,’’ as country people call it, and Rose de I’Isle. 
pee of these, that are readiest at hand, will do Uy well with 
¢ crimson and common Boursault for stocks. In preparing the 
phate for layering be very particul ae in picking out all the buds 
low where you intend working in new ones; this will keep 
your stocks always free from suckers ina side-shoots ; not, however, 
unless the shoots are of this year’s growth, as we have no power of 
this sort over older shoots, which are already coated over with a layer 
of organisable matter, that can throw out buds at every pore. 
I.—KITCHEN-GARDEN AND ORCHARD, 
In-door Department. 
Prinery.—If you keep up a very moist atmosphere, you can hardly 
give too much top-heat to healthy vigorous young plants about this 
time ; and if they stand the sunwithout shading so much the better ; 
but a slight shade for a few hours will do no harm these long days. 
The chief attention required by the fruiting plants is to continue 
their season as Hee as possible, 
—The late Vines require the most attention now, except 
that tieysa are kept sas coe and with a greater degree of heat than 
the earlier ones at the same stage. The usual routine of thinning and 
tyi fonIdee ai with an eye to the leading shoots, and 
stopping laterals, will do for them. 
ysE.—No fly, spider, or any other enemy, pone get a 
footing in this house till the ae leaf of the season is down; and the 
longer you can keep on the leaves in a healthy tif thet Batter will 
it be for the next crop. 
C) 
a 
g 
not got too crowded you ought to have crete per- 
fection, seeoraitng to the merits of the sorts you gro’ 
Out-door Departme: 
Symptoms of summer weather have eshte et ma 
summers seldom come in in our climate befor 
season, by the middle of June. A week or iW iter fi and Aim our 
troubles about chilling rains, cutting cold winds, and slow growths, 
will he forgotten. 
Crops iv Rows.—The surface of the A has been battered with 
the late rains, and baked with the more recent chilling winds,like a pie~ 
crust, and the necessity of deep stirring netvel sos) and, indeed, 
allover the garden, was never more appareni at the present 
Vs A 
season. Scratching the surface with hoes and rakes does little good. 
You must break the crust somehow, and al le a inter communic 
tion between the atmosphere and the roots 
CoLEworrs,—Seeds for supplying these saute Ne got in soon. 
In the scientific hive, 
~ Broccorr.—Large breadths of the winter ect spring sorts should 
now be got out as vacant pert of ground fall 
LIFLOWERS, ENpbivk, and other enitatinnal il succession cro) 
ou will also plant out at ere intervals andes that there are to 
plants left to run to seed among the beds of Carrots, Salsafy, Scor- 
zonera, Skirrett, and Chicory, all o 
seed-stalks. The rel 
them away. 
Orcuarp.—The common routine of thinning and tying in the 
summer morat and the destruction of insects, must still be con« 
ti stone-fruit may now be budded, the spring- 
grafts looked over, the clay broken off, and the ban diges loosened. 
The grafts must have stakes put te them, or awa y go the first 
windy day. |The blac Strawherries rae your next 
Aen If you t mark Bats sterile utbois while in 
ssom, you can Bent 80 now, a have no fruit; and unless you 
POE thiehn ip hele raeMarewillapreadealltover the beds, and i in place 
of one sterile plant this year you will have 500 nex 
IIl,—FLOWER-GARDEN AND SHRUBBERY. 
In-door Department. 
Stove.—By this time the growth of Cyrtopodiums is nearly 
finished ; but they are so excitable that a second growth is followed 
immediately, unless you stint. eee a little By “withholding water, 
and by removing them nearer the nt in their culture 
is to keep them for the next six Reed just as aoa are at present, or, 
indeed, as long as their foliage remains green; but you must keep a 
ete are liable to throw up 
medy is to pull them out at once, and wheel 
constant wateh over the buds on the lower parts of the recent 
Biostante ataiiorecceamilcdet cain or even to become very pro- 
minent, the plants will not flower next | lo, they 
will not be good for much. 
species of Orchidacese. 
chard povee Pants will now do well enough with the usual 
i watering, syringin: ents, tying, staking, and 
Tecninee as pete different sorts indicate such w 
ONSERVATORY.— in DOWER OH ‘a any of the grand 
secrets, of which most gardeners had a goodly stock 30 years ago, 
here is room for their application, to keep Blentwrfore being dravn, 
and to retain their blossoms much longer than they generally last i 
the dopslayaneeeuactn tite armen corotiteks helpa epee lavwery OLAS 
of water over every spare comer, borders, paths, and all; keep light 
screens between them and the sun through the day, “and all tl 
doors, &c. open at night. 
8 
These few anole rules affect at least 400 
These are the best places, cies eh to grow 
the choicest kinds of greenhouse plants in summer. Yeath: hs ee 
that have not yet flowered, should not have any shade shes the glas 
they set their flower-' buds much better in the full sun, Rytitige 
all the plants here every evening, which keeps a cool refreshing tem- 
perature about the plants all nigh 
Bethape it, may be as well to remind you that the 
early Tulips, ait hs, Narcissus, &c., may now be taken up, 
dried, and cleaned in a dry shed, and be put up in the seed-room 
till plareresouve ime. 
HRYSANTHEMD have beautiful little plants of Cs 
with immensely “iree heads of flowers, you must begin now b 
selecting the strongest shoots on the plants growing in hte ‘Open 
ground ; draw these out along the Ere and at three or four inche: 
from the top, peg them down. hey will oon turn up their points 
again, and in about a Piocenigit ae el rea WeelnTpOH! may sink pots 
under the bends, full of rich mould, and layed these shoots, letting 
the bend down near the bottom of the pot. The p 
fullof roots, and on a damp evening you can cut olf 
remove your plants to a close frame,--D, Beaton, Shrubland Park 
Gardens. 
fs 
& State of the Weather near London for the Week CEs ne 29, 1843, a8 
observed at the Horticultural Garden, ick. 
Banomeren, ARRMOMETER, 
Wednetay’ 25 
Thi 
Average 29,002 |" 68.6 | 45.4 |" 67.0 
Tunes. Clear and very fine with bright sun; clear at night. 
‘24. Slight dry haze ; fine, wi clouds ; clea 
h i 
25. Densely overcast; clondy and fine; clear at night, 
26, Fine tiroughont. 
27. Hot sultry, with exceedingly dry air; numerous masses of 
dusky white clouds ; fine, 
28, Cloudy, and fines air very ary; slight shower in afternoon; clear 
t 
nig 
29, Ovewtast? dy ‘and fine Besyldos 
‘Mean temperature of the we beloow the average. 
State of the Weather at Chiswick during the last 
Week ending July 8, 18 
toa years, for the ensuing 
Sun, 2| 74.9 | 61.6 5 0.78 in. |— 
fon. 8| 754 | 51.0 2 ev 0.78 
Tues, 4] 715 | 631 B 4 
Wed. [5 | mb | 58.2 4 ve 
Thurs. 6 | 70.8 | 61.1 7 
Fri, 7 | 74.1 | 54.2 § 
Sat. 81 74.6 | 517 g& 
The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the Sth, 
in 1836—thermometer 94°; and the lowest on the 6thjin 1842, thermometer 40% 
REPORT ON COVENT-GARDEN MARKET, 
For the Week ending June 30, 1843. 
THE Cherries and Strawberries which we spoke of ee ee as 
coming in so abundantly are still more commo: may be 
had of an improved quality. There are no good Cherri aS 
to be had for less than 6d. a pound; nor Strawherries lower than 
$d. per pottle. In addition to the common kinds of Strawberry, 
oe are now Myatt’s British Queen, and one which ea to 
the Deptford Pine, a new variety, noticed elsewhel There 
ae some repens Pine-apples, and very extraordinary ‘Peaches, 
with excellent Nectarines and Melons in the Market. Some 
Gooseberries and Currants are shown in a perfectly pas state 5 
and large quantities that are partially coloured. The Grapes are 
not remarkable this week. e exceedingly abundant, 
Hioneh not particularly good; Carrots, Turnips, Onions, &e. Aas 
in an excellent condition, and ‘Asparagus is beginning to ae 
smaller and scarcer. Besides the usual supply of ordinary cu! 
flowers, of which the various kinds of Roses constitute a large 
proportion, there are Orange-blossoms, Crassula coccinea, Les= 
chenatiltia formosa, Alstroemeria pelegrina, yarietie: He 
tricolor, Honeysuckle, Sweet Peas, Delphinium Barlowii, and 
enus victrix Fuchsia; with Ne aurantiaca and alatas 
and Metrosideros floribundus in pots, 
nese te ed Tuly 1, 1049.—FPRUITS 
y ie: DF a B 1s to 5s 
ted English seca 
1100; 6 
Cucumbers per it "bacey as ‘09s 
Melons, 1s to 8 each ‘alnuts, pet bush. 
Moples’ Kitchen, per bush, 61 to 12 Ximondss 2 perpecl Oe se 
Strawberries, per pottle, bd to Sweet Alm b per pou 
Gooreberries, geht-nteve, 140d tas od | Filberts, Ba per ion ‘Tbe, 6s to, 658 
Currants; per half-sieye, 29 6d to 4 Gob Nuts, per 10 
Raspberries, per Ballon, ad vo td Nuts, per bu: eh 
Oranges, per doz., 1s = Brazi 
100, 98 i Coke - Barcelona, 998 to 218 
Cherries, Frenchy ‘per 12 Jbs., 48 to 86 wn Coby 1 
