680 
THE GARDENERS 
CHRONICLE. 
(Sept. 30, 
sited in the stem or other organs, and are subsequently 
conveyed to the fruit. We know that some bulbous 
plants will fruit even when taken out of the soil. But 
general assertions, taken from special facts, can only lead 
to absurd conclusions. Let Professor Liebig cut plants in 
bloom above their roots (wnnecessary, he says, at that 
period), and expose them to as much dew and rain as he 
likes, and see what will happen; or, as he is fond of 
experiments on a large scale, let him take the hay harvest 
for a test of this theory ; which, after all (concludes Dr. 
Mohl), seems to be nothing more than a distorted and 
overdone copy of the doctrine of the development of 
plants given by Schwerz, in his treatise on re eeae Agri- 
culture (Anleiitung zum Pract. Ackenbau, 
Besides the formation of humus, Licbig adwces an- 
other reason for the rotation of crops, viz., the relation 
which plants bear to the inorganic constituents of the 
soil. As every plant deprives the soil of certain ingre- 
dients, it thus makes it unfit for feeding similar plants, 
until by subsequent decomposition a fresh amount of 
such ingredients is again set free. To this proposition 
(says Dr. Mohl) no one will object; but it has long been 
nown. 
Having thus examined in detail the work of Dr. Liebig, 
Dr. Mohl concludes with the following general recapitula- 
tion. It appears upon the whole that Liebig has not availed 
himself of his chemical resources to clear up doubtful points 
in the nutrition of plants. Contrary to the spirit ofa true in- 
vestigator of Nature, he has not formed his conclusions 
on the detailed facts of vegetable phenomena, but on 
random observations, or vague operations on a large scale, 
destitute of all precision. His calculations are based on 
arbitrary assumptions. His book, therefore, far from 
being a consistent and well-digested theory, swarms with 
contradictions and false reasoning. He does not possess a 
knowledge of the most elementary doctrines of vegetable 
physiology. His assertion that physiologists have hitherto 
considered humus as the chief food of plants is untrue. 
The assumption that plants live merely on inorganic sub- 
stances is by no means new, but has long been one of the 
controverted points of vegetable physiology. The asser- 
tion that all Botanists have doubted the absorption of 
carbon by plants by their decomposition of carbonic acid is 
untrue. The assertion that plants neither absorb organic 
substances, nor assimilate them, rests on mere theoretical 
speculation, and is destitute of all proof. The statements 
as to the relation borne to the atmosphere by plants in the 
dark is in direct opposition to every fact bearing on the 
subject. The assertion that the nitrogenous food of plants, 
and that which contains no nitrogen, are absorbed in 
certain proportions, is uncorroborated by the analysis of 
either the seed or the full-grown plant. The theory of the 
rotation of crops is contrary to experience, and unsound 
in its details. The assertion that plants receive their food 
Se summer from the atmosphere alone, is incorrect. 
On the other hand, it cannot be denied that Liebig’s 
idea that plants derive their nitrogen from the ammonia 
of the atmosphere is very happy and pregnant with results. 
It is also probable that the absorption of saline bases is in 
direct ratio to the power of saturation of the acids formed 
in plants. These two views are a real gain to science, and 
it may be expected that his work will also have the merit 
of exciting others to make correct experiments on the 
nutrition of plants. But he has endeavoured to introduce 
into vegetable physiology a series of most erroneous 
notions, and his unbecoming outbreaks against other 
physiologists have proved him to be very little acquainted 
with the subjects on which his book is written. 
ig ~ ia OF OPERATIONS for the ensuing week, 
lighter operations of the 
ds Grenperts ion has considerably 
increased since ee example set os Hee Majesty last yearin Scotlan 
No sooner did it become known that Queen Victoria Planted some 
trees at Taym mouth Castle, to Sa EOS per first visit to t! 
Highlands, than surmises were rife as to piskable effect rae 
example would have on lady gardeners AgouENeae her dominions : 
ay peutiaes (eo in all parts of the cated looked on the event as 
mn auspiciou: 1 to their ile the general excitement the 
Gees Chre Eta ‘was not —‘‘ We trust (said the Editor) 
that our fair friends will thas be oN in their horticultural 
resolves, and, indeed, become good gardeners, now that so ilustrious 
an example ha s heen set them. Horticulture, too, will more than 
ever claim the dignity of an creatonea ble profession, when it is Sa 
that the Sen of Englan: as eonecnee to labour at the art 
with her own Royal hands.’?—(Vol. Notwithstanding 
all this erinieiaan few gardeners will be ‘prepared to learn that. a 
ute eee of 
young English lady, following the example of her Sovereign, has, in 
one of her late “horticultural resolves,”” ‘outstripped the very best of 
them, It will be recollected that a few weeks noticed, as a 
ila of interesting intelligence, vee ateeend of faa Jemierimente in 
adding Rhododendrons, &c. in the 0 
nobody ever dreamed that this itibe could be increased otherwise 
than by seeds and layers ; but more recently this beautiful tribe has 
been found to yield with no great reluctance to the various modes 
(eas in the laboratory ee ae skilful propagator. Judge, there- 
r of my surprise on rea: the following, from a a corresponden 
OSs was sol. pleased with the idea of budding Rhododendrons, but, 
say, on mentioning it to a very skilful lady-gardener in 
this Reet she at bus ‘ook me to a bank of them, where § 
, 
® 
es sever: 
ore as if they had eke, and I have no doubt they have, I met 
her in the spring, with a bunch of the scarlet hybrid in her hand, 
which she had only hel seen*for the first time, and I found she 
intended to bud it on the common Yeela!? panes father’s grounds.’’ 
‘ere is news and encouragement to those who have common Rhodo- 
dendrons to ao vane with the finest hybrids: merely by the simple 
oPeration of budd: 
Pi Gece: axvan AND ORCHARD, 
eee Department. 
Pr eet who do not 
very apt to 
always are at this time, sudden att et this sort are very injurious 
“ $, or even bipes, ic danger 
is greater. I once saw awhole row of young Prog etlext thie 
flue, throw up iruit like so many buttons on the first pplication of 
fire: heat, and a am not sure that good sprinklings of water could 
ts is very impatient of fire-heat while young. 
Rae ae the ‘reich system o growing them out of pots, and in 
peat-earth, has been tried dow t Hewell, we a be curious to 
learn if the experiment ineeetlea There cannot be a doubt that 
Pines will oe better out of pots, iat we have meee failed in the 
use of peat for Camellias, which they find to answer on the Conti- 
nent, especially at Berlin and Vienna, agit in Italy, and even at 
Paris, they soon get Toth g-legged in this 
ViNERY.—Now comes the. trying rentiiegren ie ete Grapes. 
ecasional fires, and free ventilation, with a sharp eye after decaying 
ches of very dry leaf-mould laid over them; rotten tan, if tho- 
roughly dry, will do aswell. It is high time now to prune any Vines 
that are to be forced before Chel sees al ae that have 
been forced early; but later on ve aie yet begun to cast 
their leaves, may be left as they are, se a fe weeks yet, 
Out-door pees ment. 
ight soils; ritieesast 
t the pee and’ gleaners have cle: 
little for the eats) they will idles to prowl ‘arden and out- 
Honsey in and if you once let them breed near you it is $ difficult to get 
ri mM. 
Crors.—Except the usual course of salading, there is very little 
sowing to be done for some time; and as soon as the spring 
Lettuces and late Cauliflower plants are pricked oe ents out, little 
ore will be needed we the pane ing way ios g time, except 
D.—It is not too much to say that young fruit-trees should 
n ore than two years without being taken up and replanted 
nearer the surface, till they are 12 or 15 years old. they have 
one 9 a medium state of growth the intervals of See 
may run tg three or four years; this is much better than allowing 
them a # half pula in the first instance, and 
unnatural me Gries ect, them afterwards Nonpareil 
and other 
Il.—FLOWER-GARDEN AND SHRUBBERY, 
In-door Department. 
Srove.—I have just been trying a little experiment with a few 
stove waa tas enter Gesnerias, ee the principle is applicable to a 
great number of plants, perhaps to all that do not flower on ¢erminal 
Tues Dig hea ay Mec ReRnehe Oe rues plants as you cannot get to 
fiower until late in the autumn, if you take cuttings of them a short 
time before they come into flower, or even when ey are in 
flower, you stop the flowering oe the cutting until it i 
new life, and there is a chance if you arry it over ae wntey 
it wi spring, or early in the summer. Wo 
i, ace little side-ehoote. growing” olit “meat: the’ tons of Achi_ 
rieieu aout thie euteyerta perhaps if these were struck they would 
flowering all the winter. Gesneria longifolia and zebrin: 
flower late in the autumn; their side- shoots might also do in the 
is hi quite enoug! forgot 
is has scaly tuberous roots, like the ‘Achin 
menes, which brings it nearer to that family in affinity ; and it is 
therefore a fit subject to try to cross with A. pedunculata, or, indeed, 
ue ary ef i tribe. 
—The Chrysanthemums will soon require the shelter 
es paraedlasly the early ones, and some of the late r sorts 
Shou bel left out as long as a mat or two can secure ¢ them from the 
st 5 prolong their succession. ‘They will require *sorne 
stakes, but avoid UL eat ae plan of staking them, which, although 
necessary for ads 
most unsightly for 
often heard gentlemen 
gardener rs to at ther 
here ee the next two months, Fay? this dull seinen is enou 
to damp off the flowers without such aids. Slight t fires will rahe be 
necessary in the daytime, if ‘the bloom show signs of auipneHe: 
This house and the late Vinery should now be managed nearly alike. 
Ipomea ficifolia afted 0 Learii, it being 2 more robust grower, 
makes a fine nat tbl ey Bid etCcaGdGE’ abouE tHe beginning of 
October. I alvays thought Mandevilla suaveolens would be more at 
home against a south wall out-of-doors, as it is 0 et to red 
spider hy house confinement, like the Tacsonia; but ‘ Devonian’s 
account of it shook my faith in the idea. A young falda of it, how- 
ever, struck last year, was turned out against our conservatory wall 
last May, where it grew away with great freedom, and yesterday I 
noticed a great number of flower- ae on it, and as the wall is 
safely, guarded from the frost with plenty of iron pipes and conical 
boilers, &c. &c., I bas we may cut Mandevilla flowers through 
ee F ndleavirietee Ouro plant of it in the conservatory, which 
an flowering last Tune: ‘al no signs yet of ceasing to produce its 
lovely, Pe, snow-white 
‘oO 6 Pits. Gat forward a few Pelargoniums 
talbe cerultatiovs) as soon as possible, if ouly to say that you had 
Pelargoniuins i in flowel day i Praltvardozon plani 
of the Prince of Ommngo} satiated al the canner and lately po siren in 
one lai ree Pot, are now ready to be removed from the cold pit to the 
conservatory, ¥ will Toe all the wii mies is er too 
soon yet to ‘ake bis Hellotropes in-doors, so many of them being yet 
to be seen in Compactum and Shrubland Scarlets 
struck last May and June will now Re fine sizeable plants to intro- 
duce into staircases, lobbies, rooms, , where such furnishings are 
wanted; these are among the best. to ised over the dull months, I 
can trace an old custom a long time back of introducing the first 
ng Roses into a gentle heat the first week in October. The old 
Cubbies e and Moss Roses were then, as now, the preatast favourites. 
There were no Boarbons in those days to flower with a little protec- 
tion from cold. Bourbons and their crosses with the pid breeds 
are mere children’ a play, compared with having the Moss Roses in 
bloom by Christmas Ey umaris ’’ will see that Hes was antici- 
pated by Mr. Ayres, Woo wil no Baguoe follow ais ) the sub; bject. 
Sa N.— Eve week now tells more or a on the 
the lowersarden leaves from aboye and worms 
cold nights, will keep people 
i in. - M 
L 
appearance of 
= 
° 
a 
ES 
Eee 
5 
ae 
ae 
by 
5 
3 
8 
2 
& 
trees, called in thevoth day, a 
Racca ereaAtay-alebuedntiC He st eaitte propertios are destroyed 
if mixed with the water before itis sacked. His directions for using 
me-water are very judicious: watch ee day or two, which will 
bring the worms tort the surface, then roll the ground well in the after- 
noon, and thes worms will make fresh holes in the night; and ne 
over the surface; Mie 
fate Che teauitone holes, nud J ill every 0 
. Haperto erede 
ei 
Gardens, 
ipswich. 
State of the Weather near London for the week ending Sep. 38, 1818, a8 
d at the Horticultural Garden, Chiswick. 
Baromerer. | THeRNomereR. | Wind. | Rain. 
eset Max. | Min. i 
Friday 22 n 48 N.E. 
Saturday 23 69 45 i 
Sunday 94 66 45 
‘onday = 25 65 al 
Tuesday 2 29.947 | 60 38 
Wednesday 27 29.681 b5 a2 
Thursday 28 9 84 i 
Average 40.4 00 
ae eeiaaer fine; overcast at night. 
; Overcast; cloudy; clear and cool at night, 
: Clear; cloudy and fine; clear and cold. 
7. Thickly overeast; cloudy, with cold re slight frost, 
sty ; very clear throughout 
weelk nearly 2 elo ‘that of the preceding, or 
below the aver 
2 
coat cetseraciee oe ane 
V7 years, for the ensuing 
State of the Weather at 
Week pacinty ‘Oc oie of ‘Ts. 
|_Previ 
Greatest 
gnantity 
of Rain 
ing Winds. 
Aver. 
Oct. [Highest 
Temp. 
0.78 
0.58 
1d on the 2nd, in 
j—thermom. 29°, 
‘The highest temperature during the above period. 0 
1842—thermom. 81°; and the lowest on the 5th and 6th, 1826 
REPORT ON. NT-GARDEN MARKET, 
For ae Week. ending Sept. 29, 1843. 
Tuere has been variation in the prices of most articles 
during the past wealth and trade has been somewhat brisker. The 
weather e much colder for the last ne or three 
day: s, and the nights being a little frosty, have had rather an in- 
jurions eae on some vegetables, REL ie Tomatoes and 
sere h Bea Pine Apples, of good quality, still continue 
plentiful, an ee selling at from 3s, to oe. per lb. Among Grapes, 
the Black Hamburgh are abundant; but er are not quite 
so plentiful as last week, 
rather scarce : we no! 
are selling at 2s. per punnet. Damsons are sufficient "to meet 
the demand, ane are offered at from i 
Good Peache 0 
dozen. Fig: same prices as last week. 
Filberts still conubaa abundant. Pears are good and plentiful ; 3 
but Apples are rather inferior. Melons, of good qu: 
Leper Cucumbers are Selling at. from 4d, to 8d, 
nd Turnips still continue plentiful. Carrots 
est the demand, but are rather of inferior 
quality. Endive is CASE at from 1s. to 1s, 6d. per score; and 
Shallots bring nearly the same prices as last week. 
are chiefly composed of Erica Boweiana, cerinthoides major, 
na, and verticillatals Amaryllis belladonna and guttata; 
be capensis, Silene laciniata, Erythrina crista-galli, Pelar- 
ums, Calceolarias, Fuchsias, Dahlias, China and Perpetual 
Roses. 
me pAb irespere SI acu slid< Sais 
Pine Apple, riven 4 per doz. Gd to 2s | 
Grapesy hothouse, per 1b., per 100, 
Portugal, ber Ib. sa to te Gd Cueumb Weir eeteaes dey Oa 
Peathes, per dozen, Bs ts Gherksins, per 1000, Bs to 7s 
Nectarines, per dozen, 8s to 68 leurs, per 100) 14 it to te 
Figs, per doz., 2s to 48 
Simona per peck 
eet Almonds, peek, 25 Gd 
Nu uts, per bushel 
Meloas, each; 1s Gd to 4s 
»» | Dutch, each, 1s to 26 Gd 
Plums, per purnet, 18 to 2s 
» Golden wap peripin.s/9s Gs 
Daitisons, per sv. 28 6d By to 4s 
Apples, dees ie Subarcslonaaee 
Apples, Kitchen per bush D to4s — Cob. 12s 
oo er ha » 2s to nglish, p 1001bs., 40s to 553) 
rhf.-sy., 8s to 4 
FaMees Ber ries 1s ” 9s ti to os 
T 100,165 to 24s 
VEGETABLES. 
Cabbages, pbet dor, Gd tol 
daeenye 4s to 6s 
Caulitio 
Beans, Kidney, per AR: 9d to 28 “he 
Scarlet, ee #t0 te 6d | Shaliots, tes bs a to 9d 
Potatoes, per ton Dhilis, per 100, 2s 
ee owe. Lettuce, Cal 
- r bushel, Jedd to 28 
bee 
ney p- bush. sy Sato Bs Oa Celery, ee “un, Gd to 
Artichokes, tan eon, per 1s Gd to Bs | Mushrooms, per pott) 
Vegetable Marrows, per dom, ta ‘ 74° | Wallnytay Green, per bush 
er doz. bunches, i TS eNDeSUNORTets 2d to 8d. 
dion, bunches, 2s tn 8 
» Bd vo 4d 
Red Best, per dozen, od t 
fie Hadieh peru, oan to Ba 
‘oz. hands, 6d to 1s 
ep don, bunoh, Od 
Carrots, det ‘p- doz. uae to 6s 
chy per sieve, Od to Ie 
Beridos, bum. Ta toe 0 
rligy per lb. Gi t0 
Onions, Spring p. doe sbeigts@ts 
z. bunches 1s to 2 
bun 1s 6d t0 28 
0 Bd 
Marjo 
Chervil, per punnety £4 to 
Notices to Coiracpondens 
eee —Needy.—We have given you all the information we 
ssess on Tank heating, and would rather not speculate upon 
possibilities, lest we should mislead you. ie plan given last 
week, completely obviates all the Dbsections to open tanks, for 
the water-gutters represented there are closed. Such gutters 
are not dry, for vapour always finds its way out through their 
sides, though water does not. There can be no objection to 
having pigeon-holes in the sides of the tanks, for the escape of 
steam, provided you gecuts We means of stopping off the 
steam when you do not wi 
Pirs.—H. G.—Canvas reatree ell not keep off severe cold any 
Better than glass; they are intended to keep off wet and slight 
frosts. Nor will they do for Melons, which demand all the 
They will possibly, ly, how- 
many former occasions we have pointed out the 
main circumstances to be attended to in pitting ee for the 
winter, and nformation. 
effected by raising the bottom of the pit above the ordinary 
ground leve' 
Prorecrion.—A Young Florist can only preserve his tender 
plants from frost by one of two means: he may produce heat 
fiside his houses, like other Hoople, or he may cover them with 
movable thatched mats. the labour of putting mats 
on and off a ecten ease) aa an breakage of glassin doing so, 
costs more than a heating apparatus— unless, ae he can 
construct a OR thatched ooh, uae will slide 
pits, he may pr 
in the manner ries 
by thick walls of tut, a raised dry floor, and straw or mats over 
the lights in very weather. 5 
Early Black ee 
Black Prince, Whit e swectwulteis Royal Muaseadttie) and Pit 
maston White Cluster, | 
nns.—A Puzzled Gardener, who has “kept good fires day and 
night for ae last two montis, and pulled off all the leaves to 
let the sun colour the fruit, and kept the lights and door qu nue 
close, and has had the heat 105°, but whose Grapes are Ve! 
small, and quite green,” seems to have mistaken his proredsron 
