1843. | 
THE GARDENERS 
CHRONICLE. 
495 
the right honourable gentleman was Chief Secretary for 
Ireland, has been dismissed since our last report, for 
joining the Repeal agitation—The Right Hon. Charles 
Kendal Bushe, at one time a distinguished political cha- 
racter in Ireland, when opposed to the legislative union, 
died on Monday afternoon, rather suddenly, at Furry Park, 
near this city, the residence of his son. Mr. Bushe took 
office under the Liverpool administration, as Solicitor- 
General, and upon the death of Lord Downes, became 
Chief Justice of the Queen’s Bench. Soon after the 
formation of the present Ministry, he retired upon a 
Superannuation, and was succeeded by the present Chief 
Justice Pennefather. Mr. Bushe had been half a 
century at the bar, having been called in 1793, and had 
Teached his 76th year. The weekly Repeal meeting took 
place as usual on Monday. A great number of subscrip- 
tions and communications were received. Amongst others 
was an address to Mr. O’Connell signed by thirty Orange- 
men of Stev own, and professing to have the sanction 
of one hundr sociates—giving in their adhesion to 
repeal. This address w: id by Mr, Clements, with the 
names at full, It received with great cheering, and 
Mr. O'Connell exy 1 his delight at the event. The 
proceedings continued till near six o’clock, when Mr. 
O'Connell announced the week’s rent to be 1,690/. 5s. 93d, 
It was announced in the course of the sitting that the 
corporation had elected Sir Coleman O’Loughlin their 
junior counsel, solely on the ground of his being a Re- 
pealer. 
Belfast.—The sittings of the General Assembly of the 
Trish Presbyterian Church commenced in this town on 
Tuesday week, when the Rev. Dr. Stewart was chosen 
Moderator. On Wednesday the English Presbyterian 
deputation, consisting of the Rev. Messrs. Welsh and 
Gardner, were introduced, and both addressed the 
assembly. The deputation from the Free Church of 
Scotland, consisting of the Rev. Dr. Smith, of Glasgow, 
and Mr. Gray, of Perth, were also introduced. Dr. Smith 
addressed the assembly in the forenoon. At the evening 
sederunt, after some preliminary business, Mr. Gray, oi 
Perth, commenced by saying, that it was impossible not 
to feel that the Free Church of Scotland had been placed 
in a position to give testimony to the other churches, 
He then proceeded, at great length, to indicate the cha- 
Yacter of that testimony. Lord Aberdeen, he said, had 
introduced a bill, but it would be well if he would tell 
them what he intended by it. He would tell Lord Aber- 
deen, that he knew as little of the ministers of the Church 
of Scotland after as before the disruption ; and he also 
begged to tell him, that he knew nothing about the matter, 
if he said a hundred and fifty ministers would be kept in 
by this bill. Tf he had said that a tithing of that number 
would be influenced by it, he would have exceeded the 
mark by at least fifteen. It could not be intended forthe 
moderates either, for the more stringent the law is, so 
much the better for them ; their ministers had been left 
without houses of worship, and their flocks served God 
under tents or in the open air, but he was thankful to sa: 
that they were not without congregations. No bill that 
Sir R. Peel could have passed would have done so much 
to extend their principles as had been done by the disrup- 
tion of the church. Dr. Edgar stated, that the Irish 
Assembly had resolved to place, forla month, two of the 
most hard-working young men connected with their body 
at the disposal of their brethren in Scotland. At the next 
Sitting of the Assembly the Moderator said it was his 
painful duty to inform them that intelligence had arrived 
since they were last in that house, of the decision of the 
twelve Judges of England, which was, that {the marriages 
performed by Presbyterian ministers, where one of the 
parties belonged to the Established church, are illegal. 
Jontrary to all expectation this was the result, and the 
lecision came to this, that they were not duly qualified to 
Perform the functions and discharge the duties of their 
Sacred office. It remained with them to consider what 
Course was best to be adopted. Dr. Brown said that it 
Was a useless waste of the time of the house to enter into 
Was then app 
to both Hox 
Upon the de 
»s of Parliament, declaratory of their feelings 
on of the Judges. 
repeal meeting was held on Sunday in 
1 is said to have surpassed any of the pre- 
Vious demonstrations. Mr. O’Connell’s progress from 
Kilkenny to Waterford is described as one continued 
Scene of enthusiastic acclamation, the peasantry collecting 
MM great numbers on the road-sides, at various points, to 
cheer ashe passed along. At Carrick-on-Suir the inha- 
bitants made a sort of grove of the town with trees and 
huge branches, triumphal arches and banners being erected 
M conspicuous places. Kilmacthomas being fixed upon 
as the rendezvous, it was thronged to overtiowing at an 
early hour in the morning with persons who had travelled 
all hight from remote distances to join in the procession. 
This was the grand centre of attraction, the point towards 
which all the western arrivals necessarily tended, and 
hundreds of thousands are said to have assembled there. 
hen the first part of the immense multitude that accom- 
panied Mr. O'Connell from (Kilmacthomas reached 
Waterford—nearly six hours had been occupied in getting 
Over twelve miles. As the procession passed along, the 
numbers increased; about thirty temperance bands 
accompanied them, and the scene is described as one of 
the most extraordinary and animating exhibitions ever 
beheld. The shipping in the river, along the quay of 
Waterford, displayed their flags ; triumphal arches were 
erected, and altogether the city wore all the appearances 
of a day of great public rejoicing. As the procession pro- 
ceeded to the place of meeting—the bill of Ballybricken 
—the most enthusiastic cheering was heard upon all sides 5 
whilst ladies, who crowded the windows along the line, 
waved their handkerchiefs as long as Mr. O'Connell 
remained in view. As to the numbers, the papers state 
that it is impossible to speak with any degree of accuracy ; 
‘nd the calculations vary from 100,000 to 300,000, whilst 
some assert that the multitudes upon the hill of Bally- 
bricken, and all around, exceed even the latter number. 
The enormous platform upon the hill is capable of accom- 
modating 3,000 persons, and it was quite crowded. Sir 
R. Musgrave, Bart., was called to the chair, Dr. Foran, 
Roman Catholic Bishop of Waterford, sat beside him, 
accompanied by Mr. Meagher, mayor of Waterford, a 
number of gentlemen from the county and city of Water- 
ford, from4Clonmel, Wexford, Kilkenny, &c., and nearly 
one hundred Roman Catholic clergymen. 
SCOTLAND. 
Edinburgh.—A number of agriculturistsin the Lothians 
recently formed themselves into a society for the purpose 
of endeavouring to apply the discoveries of modern che- 
mistry to agriculture. A committee, consisting of six 
members of this society and three from the Highland 
Society, was formed, and subscriptions taken for carrying 
the views of the society into effect. Ata meeting held 
on Monday week, in Edinburgh, this committee reported 
to the society that 645/. had been collected, and that can- 
didates for the situation of agricultural chemist had pre- 
sented themselves. The result was, that ten chemists 
offered themselves for the situation, all distinguished for 
their attainmentsin chemistry, and two of them foreigners ; 
butth i ded that the subscribers should 
make choice of Professor Johnston, of Durham, who had 
offered, fora salary of 5007, a year, secured to him for 
five years, to attend in Edinburgh for eight months in the 
year, and to provide, on his own responsibility, a properly- 
qualified substitute for the other four. Mr. Johnston’s 
terms were to give two analyses in the year to every sub- 
scriber, at rates varying from 3s. to 5s., and as many more 
as they pleased at one-half the price of these two. On 
the motion of Mr. Alexander, of Southbar, seconded by 
Lord Murray, the report was approved of, and Professor 
Johnston elected to the office on the terms specified. 
The duties of the Professor will be to analyse soils, 
and also manures ; to ascertain what element has been 
taken from the soil by the previous crop, and the manure 
which fought to be applied in the circumstances, and 
according to the nature of the plant to be grown.—An 
arrangement has been effected with the Earl of Hadding- 
ton, whereby, for a certain sum of money, his lordship is 
to divest himself of the office of Hereditary Ranger of 
the Royal Park of Holyrood, and the whole profits, claims 
of property, and other rights legally annexed or apper- 
taining to the office, to be vested in her Majesty. A bill 
will immediately be introduced into Parliament for rati- 
fying and confirming the sale and surrender of the office. 
SPriscellaneous. 
The Regent of Spain.—There is no man upon whom 
at the present moment the eyes of all Europe are more 
intently fixed than upon the Spanish Regent; and the 
journals of all shades of politics, both in Paris and in 
London, are constrained to do justice to the firmness and 
political honesty with which he has met the perils of the 
recent insurrection. ‘* We rejoice to find,’’ says tie 
Times, ‘that, in the midst of the dangers and tempta- 
tions of the present crisis, Espartero adheres with in- 
flexible energy and good faith to those constitutional 
principles to which he owes his power, and by which 
alone his power can be defended. It is in the highest 
degree creditable to the Regent that he should renew, in 
the most emphatic manner, his engagement to defend the 
Constitution and the Throne at the very time when not 
only his own interests, but the public safety, might furnish 
a ready and almost a sufficient pretext for stronger 
measures than the Constitution itself has provided. But 
his own interests, rightly understood, and the safety of 
the State, prescribe the wiser and nobler course, to which 
the Regent appears to be determined to adhere. Within 
the limits of the law, Espartero is invested with the 
highest trust that a subject can enjoy, and with that trust 
he wields in his own defence the royal prerogative, which 
he is bound to maintain. One step beyond them, he 
would sink to the level of a soldier of fortune, raised only 
by the accident of success, the audacity of his followers, 
or his own desperation, above those military adventurers 
who are remembered in the dismal annals of the Spanish 
revolution by a miserable death, inflicted on them by that 
populace which they professed to serve. We are well aware 
that it is the fashion in certain circles and in certain 
countries to depreciate the character of Espartero, and 
to grudge him, not only those honours which fortune 
has so lavishly showered upon him, but even those 
qualities which he owes to nature—an upright mind and 
a sound heart. But, if we'are not greatly mistaken, his 
merit will outlive the calumnies which have been dis- 
charged against him; and we are entirely at a loss to 
comprehend the tactics of those who profess to respect 
his character and his qualities, whilst they predict his 
fall, Those qualities will, as we trust, be vindicated by 
success. ‘It has already been his fate to affront the 
greatest perils which can shake an empire, and for the 
most part to subdue them. 
State, he reorganized the army; in a civil war, he not 
only expelled the enemy, but he pacified the country; in 
civil government, although he rose to power by the 
influence ofhis military achievements, and had before him 
the tempting path of military power, he alone, of all the 
men, except Washington, who have occupied a similar 
position, enlarged the political liberties of the nation; at 
a moment of unbounded corruption, rapine, and cruelty, 
he has maintained the dignity of poverty, honesty, and 
justice ; in various emergencies he has invariably displayed 
more aptitude than those who knew him best had given 
him credit for; and in spite of the pangs of physical 
disease and the listlessness of rather a sluggish nature, 
he has maintained his authority and defended the Queen’s 
prerogative in Spain for several years, without having 
committed a single action which history will blush to 
record.”” 
Artesian Wells.—We understand that it is intended to 
carrythe bore for the Artesian well in the Garden of 
Plants to the depth of 800 or 900 metres, whereas that at 
Grenelle is only 550 metres deep. The object of piercing 
so lowis to find water of a high temperature. The expec- 
tation of doing so is founded on observations made by M. 
Arago and M. Walferdin, at Grenelle, that the tempera- 
ture of the water increased in warmth one degree at every 
32 metres’ depth, and consequently at that of 800 or 
900 metres must be at from 36 to 39 degrees centigrade 
(about from 97 to 104° Fahrenheit), with which the hot- 
houses of the equatorial plants, and also the lodges of the 
animals in the menagerie, and even the hospitals in that 
quarter, may be warmed in winter.—Paris paper. 
The Census.—By the returns just presented to the 
House of Commons relative to the population of the 
United Kingdom, as ascertained by the last census, it 
appears that the total population of England and Wales 
amounts to 15,911,646, and of Scotland to 2,620,207 ; the 
number of persons travelling by railways and canals on 
the night of the 6th of June, 1841, being 4,896. It fur- 
ther appears that the total population of Ireland amounts 
to 8,175,238, of whom 852,064 were ascertained to be 
members of the Established Church, 6,427,712 to be 
Catholics, 642,356 Presbyterians, and 21,808 Protestant 
Dissenters. 
Subterranean Forest.—The Belgian papers contain the 
following extract of a letter from Bruges: ‘“ Nearly 500 
workmen are employed in digging the canal of Zelsaete. 
The work, therefore, proceeds rapidly, and has already 
been commenced on a line of 5,000 yards. These exca- 
yations have laid bare on the whole extent of the work, 
and nearly on the same level, a bed of turf. Near the 
village of Oostkerke, for above 2,000 yards below the bed 
of turf, there are the remains of a vast forest of oaks, firs, 
and other trees. Jn several places the trunks of the trees 
have disappeared, but in others they are found lying full 
well. We must therefore‘ allow that the level of the 
country to the north of Bruges} was one, two, or three 
yards lower than it is at present, but that vegetation was 
very flourishing, for in the subterraneous forest just diseo- 
vered there are trunks of trees 8 or 9 ft. in cireumference.” 
Antiquities—The Bath Journal last week announced 
the discovery of a stone coffin in the vale of Lyncombe. 
On Monday last a second coffin was found, about fourteen 
inckes beneath the turf. This relic was about six feet 
and a half in length, formed of one block of oolite, and, 
excepting its weighty lid, unbroken. The skeleton it 
contained was much more perfect than the one in that 
previously found, and the coffin had been sculptured with 
more care than the other. These interesting relics are 
for a time left in the vestibule of the Literary and Philo- 
sophical Institution. Not far from the coffins were found 
two copper coins struck by the Emperors Constantine 
and Carausiual. 
Isthmus of Panama.—At a meeting of the Academy of 
Sciences at Paris on Wednesday week, M. Arago made a 
communication of the steps that had been taken towards 
the great work of the cutting through the Isthmus of 
Panama, which has been so long talked of, but which 
many persons have regarded as chimerical. Accotding to 
this communication, a contract has been entered into by 
Messrs. Baring and Co., of London, with the Republic of 
New Grenada, in virtue of which the republic is to cede 
to them the line required for the projected canal, with 
80,000 acres of land on the two banks, and 400,000 acres 
in the interior of the country. Messrs. Baring and Co. 
had, it is; said, in the first instance, fixed the amount of 
toll for the navigation of the canal at the price of 18f. per 
ton, but they have reduced it to 8f. The work, upon 
which from 4,000 to 5,000 men are to be engaged, is to be 
completed in five years. 3 
New Water Pipes.—The Courrier de Lyon states that 
water-pipes made of thick glass, covered with a Coating 
of bitumen, and made to insert into each other with bitu- 
men joints, are manufacturing at Rive-de-Gier. These 
pipes, will, it is asserted, bear a higher degree of pressure 
than those of cast-iron, and are 30 per cent, cheaper. 
International C reviewing the 
evidence of the progress of mind and development of 
civilization, the watchful observer may note the inter- 
change of feelings and sentiments between nations not 
long since estranged and hostile, between distant races 
connected by origin and languages, but till lately too far 
removed to exercise much influence on mutual relations 
and interests. The extension and simplification of post- 
office communication has almost reunited families whose 
members were widely separated. For all purposes of 
business, for exchange of tokens of friendship, the settler 
in India, or even China, is now nearer than his father 
might have been if located in Austria or Italy. The class 
of travellers who paid an autumnal visit to a point on the 
sea-coast of their native isle now spread over the more 
—tTn 
In the utmost penury of the 
