shar 
1g 
1843.] 
\ 
THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE. 
389 
paca, followed by another with a supply of liquid, a large 
arrel or tub standing at the upper end of the drills. If 
this be found beneficial, a machine might be made to carry 
4 larger supply, and water two drills at once. It is likely 
at this watering would both disgust the turnip-fly, and 
quickly put the plants beyond its power. , 
From 60 to 70 per cent. of good guano are either dis- 
solved or readily suspended in water. The solution may 
he tried of different strengths from 4 ewt. to 1 ewt. per 
acre of the powder. This would require about 160 gallons 
of water, or 1 gallon per perch, or 403 yards length of a 
27-inch drill. It may be difficult to make less liquid go 
Over this length, anda larger quantity may be found incon- 
venient in practice. The undissolved parts of the guano 
May be mixed in sand or mould and used as a dressing 
Over dung for later Turnips, or composted for after-use on 
grass, 
Quantity of Guano per Acre.—This is not so easily de- 
€rmined as some gentlemen seem to think. The character 
and state of the soil, the locality where it is used, the 
Period of the season when it is given, the kind of crop in- 
tended, the previous manure and system of cropping, the 
Natural action and durability of guano as a fertilizer, the 
quality of the article used, and the amount of expecta- 
tion contemplated, have all to be taken into account, and 
May vary the quantity from 2 cwt. to 8 or 9 cwt. per 
Scotch acre when given alone, and half the above quanti- 
ties when a due proportion of dung, bones, or rape dust 
48 given at the same time. When the soil is naturally 
Warm and has been brought to a high state of fertility, 
8nd where the farmer’s interest in the land extends over 
Snly four or five years, lie will most economically pro- 
Mote it by giving merely enough of guano to start the 
Plants with vigour, and, after a year or two, a light dress- 
ng of some suitable saline manure. If allowed, he may 
Very cheaply ‘“ take his own out of the soil ’’ in this way, 
and leave it as poor as he could wish. In our climate, all 
anures, except dung and partly-fermented vegetable 
Matter, tend ultimately to exhaust the soil. Bones and 
8uano, though in a much longer period, will in the end as 
‘tlectually exhaust our soils as lime will. 
We have heard much of the solar light enabling the 
leag to decompose carbonic acid, ‘and of plants receiving 
ul ir carbon from the atmosphere. In hot and tropical 
Climates, where sunshine is more abundant and steady, 
and where his rays are more direct and powerful, there is 
Teason to believe that this is true to a i extent 
patrons among the nobility and gentry at the present day. 
The various kinds of flowers then in general culti- 
vation are described, and instructions are given for their 
cultivation. Bulbous flowers were, it is stated, at that 
time in highest esteem, and accordingly the author gives 
full details respecting them. Of Tulips, in particular, he 
had an extensive collection of the finest varieties. Orna- 
mental trees and Shrubs are treated of, and also forest 
trees. Many varieties of Fruit-trees were introduced by 
Sir Thomas from France to Bettisfield, and cuttings 
from these were distributed to various persons in the 
neighbourhood. 
“The flowers in highest esteeme now amongst us 
are such as have those rootes wee call Bulbous, of which 
there are different kinds, both for the figure and greatness, 
but all of them resemble an Onyon more or lesse, and are 
made up of white fleshy tunicles which enfold one 
another. Our chief bulbous flowers are these: the 
Tulipe, Narcissus, Iris, Crocus, Colchicum, Lilly, Crowne, 
Imperiall, Martagon, Gladiolus, Orchis, Ornithogalum, 
Dens caninus, Bulbous Violet, Moly, and Fritillary. Of 
tuberous flowers the most curious are those: Anemones, 
Trises, Cyclamens, Hyacinths, tuberous Irises, Satyriums, 
the Hollow roote, and Dragons. Of jibrous Perennials 
we have the Gillifl , Stocke Gillifl , Wallflower, 
Beare’s eare, Hepatica, Lychnis, Trachelium of America, 
Lilly convally, Spiderwort, Valerian, Indian Candy Tufts, 
aracox, or the Passion Flower, Everlasting Lupine, 
Melanthium, Moth, Mullein, Cortusa, Bellflower, Soape- 
wort, Hesperis, Fibrous Ranunculus, Hollyhocke, Cytisus, 
Aloes, Double Pellitory, Cowslips and Primeroses,’ Double 
Featherfew, Ptarmica or Sneezewort, Orobus Venetus 
or Venetian Vetch, Hedysarum canadensis or the Suck- 
ling of Canada, Everlasting Pease, Limonium Rawolfii, 
Sedum arborescens or Tree Houseleek, Heleborine, the 
Italian or blew Marigold, Gnaphalium Americanum or 
Life Everlasting of America, Lagopus or Hartsfoot, 
Snapdragon, Nightshade Daisies, Double Lady Smocks, 
Marsh Marigold. Of annuals the best are: Adonis, the 
African Marsh Mellow or Alcea, Amaranthe, Scarlet 
Beane, Bastard Sopran, Convolvulus or Bindweed, Corne- 
Flower, French Honeysuckle, Goates beard, Hawkesweed 
Larkespur, Cresses, Mullein, Molucca odorata, Nigella, 
Pulsatilla, Scabious, Sonchus lanatus, Venus looking- 
glass, some sorts of Foxgloves, Coventry Bells, Sweet 
Sultan’s flower, the Wonder of Peru. These above- 
(the large size of leaves and blossoms, compared with 
urs; the comparative general deficiency of vegetable 
Matter in tropical soils; the beneficial excess of saline 
Matter there ; and every other analogical fact, confirm 
this Supposition)—but in our climate, where the heat is 
Much less, and where the sun’s rays are both more 
Oblique and clouded during much of the season, little at- 
Mospheric carbon can be appropriated, except by our 
§teen crops, and therefore the supply must be chiefly 
afforded by the soil. Whatever, then, causes the evolu- 
tion of more carbonic acid from the soil than it brings to 
the soil, gradually exhausts it, not only of carbonic acid, 
but also of the bases dissolved and carried from the soil 
by this acid. In the soil, any alkaline matter, as ammo- 
18 (from guano, dung, or bones), lime, and most of the 
Salts, dispose the formation of ‘bonic acid, and com. 
“Nee a general fermentation, which extends to the dead 
Vegetable matter in the soil and gradually reduces its 
duantity, Where the vegetable matter is in a very inert 
ae 4nd the soil is coarse, as in clayey land recently 
Cane either lime must be given in a previous fallow, 
mai When practicable, this ought to be done), or the 
Gia Must be good farm dung, not over fermented, or 
at] 8tano must be given in a heavy dose (say 5 to 8 cwt., 
eae et Per acre, put in, and covered moderately deep, 
cane weeks or months, if practicable, before the seed); 
oe an these soils, it requires much to begin fermentation 
af Sctually as to act on the inert soil, and bring it into 
rote State. A good Turnip crop may be raised on such 
will, With less guano, but then the following white crop 
as show that the manure was wasted before the inertia 
er e Soil was overcome. On the contrary, a soil which, 
wey lidicious culture, is already disposed to fermentation, 
re © made to yield crops for several years, by using 
ee and varied small doses of ammoniacal and calea- 
till i stimulants or salts, with occasionally a little dung, 
iran © soil is reduced to ruinous barrenness. In warm 
ee Soils, it will require considerable management to give 
injury: of good guano to carry through a rotation, without 
ewt. Qg the crop at first by its violence. ‘Two or three 
betteh acre may be proper, if given alone; but much 
Soils 8ive half dung or bones, and half guano, for such 
ous ¢ Cold, high, clayey soils, even though under previ- 
Coe Management, will take 4 to 5 ewt. per Scotch 
wore cording to their exposure ; and if (as is too often 
the Se) lime or dung has been given them too sparingly, 
may require more.—P. Garden, Glene, Dumfries. 
rae from the Dumfries Herald, 30th March, 
No, ape ANTIQUITIES OF GARDENING. 
ak RCindejiae Hanmer’s anuscript on 
s nave been favoured with an inspection of this 
Manuscript by Sir Henry Edward Bunbury, Bart. 
Flintshire, ComMMenceed about 1660, at Bettisfield in 
a ite and has evidently been written with great care 
attention at Practical observation. It shows the 
island i at had been paid to Horticulture in our 
Proseeuted aie centuries back, and that it had been 
* This a 1 a zeal scarcely surpassed by its numerous 
ey ehomas Hanmer was Member of Parliament for 
Mildennaii Sah was the grandfather of sir Thomas Hanmer of 
+ Who Was & Speaker of the House of Commons. 
d flowers are all the sorts we have yet knowledge 
of in England, worthy to bee received into our gardens, 
and more than were enjoyed by our ancestors, for many 
new kinds have within these last twenty years beene 
brought hither out of foraine parts, especially our plant- 
ations and other countries of the West Indies, which were 
never seen here before, some whereof have required a 
manner of cultivating and ordering quite different from 
that of the old English flowers. 
“ Of Choosing Seed, and of Sowing and Ordering it. 
—The best seed is the most weighty, and is had from the 
lustiest and most vigorous stemms. Wee use to crop off 
flowers of such kinds as are many on a stalke, to make 
the other seed the better and have the more vertue, and 
such wee find usually in the lower seed-vessels of the 
stalkes. Bee not curious to keep the finest markt Tulipe 
or other rare flower for seed, unless the kind be strong, 
for better flowers are raised from a lusty flower of one 
colour, than from a curious stripped one of several colours 
that is but weak. 
‘«Such seed as rises up with down, as Anemones and 
other sorts doe, must be watched and taken as soon as 
the down rises, which, when it is ripe, one hour of hot 
sunshine will make it doe, and if it be not gathered pre- 
sently the least breath of aire will carry it away. Such as 
are dryed with keeping long or hot weather, and others 
that are naturally more contumatious and stubborne, 
must be steept in warm water or new milk before they bee 
sown, or a little incision made with a penknife into them 
to help their germination—but hurt not the little spot or 
point of the seed, for then it dies.” 
‘« Earwigs hurt most Gilliflowers, and are taken best 
when these are newly podded (for they feed upon the 
young pods most) with sheepe’s hooves and hollow Canes 
stuck upon sticks by the fiowers, into which they creepe 
in the morning to hide themselves all day, and then you 
shall be sure of them every morning. Mice are easily 
taken with little traps baited with Nut kernels, pieces of 
Apples, and such things.’” 
“Of Earths for Flowers.—Wee use two sorts of 
earths in our gardens, that is, natural and artificial. The 
natural are only the good rich blacke mold, which is the 
most generally good for all kinds, but best for the fibrous. 
The sandy fittest for bulbs ; and loame, a kind of fat sand 
much used about London, good for most rootes. Clay 
and gravel, as well as marle, wee almost totally reject.”’ 
(Zo be continue 
AMATEUR’S GARDEN.—No. XXIII. 
One of the most troublesome diseases which Pelargo- 
ium growers have ever had to contend with is that which 
within the last two years has attacked the leaves of some 
of some insect similar to the Tephritis Onopordinis, or 
Celery-fly, and I suspect it may be removed by the same 
means, viz., crushing the grub in the leaf, and by dressing 
the plant with something like spirits of tar, which, by 
imparting a noxious effluvium, will prevent the insects from 
depositing any more eggs on the plants. 
Of course this remedy cannot be applied during the 
time the plants are blooming: at that time nothing more 
can be done than to divest the plants of the worst of their 
leaves, and give them a little extra heat to force them to 
make a few leaves to improve their appearance during the 
time they are in bloom. When the plants have done 
flowering, and are ready to cut down, every leaf should be 
removed from both the cuttings and old plant, and burned. 
The plants may then be dressed with tobacco-water, soft 
soap, and soot, made to the thickness of paint, and applied 
over the whole plant with a brush, which will destroy any 
eggs on the plants, and probably prevent the insects from 
depositing any more upon them. 
As a further precautionary measure, the pots used 
should be well washed in warm water, the house properly 
cleaned and painted ; and it would be well during the 
time the plants are in the open air to sprinkle the ground 
around them occasionally with a little spirits of tar. This 
is the system of management I should adopt if my plants 
were infected; but I have no hopes of clearing the plants 
this season, though every means should be employed by 
destroying the leaves to prevent the insect increasing in 
another one. 
In several nurseries which I have lately visited, 1 find 
the disease making its appearance on the Fuchsia; col- 
lectors would therefore do well to keep a watchful eye 
upon new additions of soft-wooded plants to their collec- 
tions ; indeed, for my own part, I intend to make any 
additions to my stock perform a kind of quarantine in a 
house away from the other plants until 1 am_ satisfied 
they are clean. The above I trust will be a satisfactory 
answer to the Hon. and Rey. F. Curzon, and several 
other querists.| 
n a season when the blooming of American plants has 
been more than usually fine and abundant, I would direct 
particular attention to the importance of removing the 
flower-stems and seed-pods directly the bloom has fallen 
from the plants. In a garden containing several thousand 
Rhododendrons, part of them had the seed-pods removed 
about this time last year, and the difference both in 
quantity and quality of flower has been this season at 
least 50 per cent. in favour of the plants thus operated 
upon.—W. P. Ay 
HOME CORRESPONDENCE. 
Testacella Maugeit.—In a potfull of slugs, which my 
gardener was on the point of destroying a few weeks ago, 
I happened to observe a species of Tes- 
tacella, differing much in appearance 
from that which I had seen in the Ox- 
ford Garden; and on showing it to my 
friend, Mr. J. G. Jeffreys, he at once 
ascertained it to be the T. Maugei of 
Ferrusac. This species, though a native 
of Teneriffe, has for several years been 
completely naturalised in the nurseries 
at Durdham Down, near Bristol; and 
from thence has spread to become com- 
mon in the gardens of this neighbour- 
hood, and, most probably, of many other 
parts of the country, although from its 
habit of burrowing and rare appearance 
on the surface, it may often escape 
' observation. To check the ravages com- 
mitted by the larvae of the Crane-tly, I 
have long hoped that some natural 
enemy may be found to destroy them ; 
and knowing that all the species of 
Testacellee are carnivorous, I thought it 
not improbable that these ‘* Horn-siugs,” 
as they are hereabouts called, might be 
found to answer the purpose. In this, 
however, I have been disappointed ; for some experiments 
lead me to suspect that they would rather starve than 
touch the ‘leather jackets; but as they live on earth- 
worms and common slugs, they are still our benefactors, 
and ought not to share the fate, as they commonly do, of 
the phytivorous slugs. Great numbers of them have been 
destroyed by my gardeners, from a supposition that they 
rise to the surface in the night to eat the lettuces; but I 
am abundantly satisfied by a series of experiments and 
observations, that they never feed on these or any other 
vegetables. The Testacella may be at once known from 
other slugs, by a small flattish and rather ear-shaped shell 
at the posterior extremity ; and I have sent you a draw. 
ing copied from Ferrusacs, that you may the bett 
ter draw 
the attention of gardeners to the utility of these anim: 
T. Maugei appears to be at least equally hardy, and has 
to the full as strong a claim to be placed inthe British 
Zoology as I. haliotidea.—L. Ww. D., Sketiy Hail. 
Aecentuation.—] think that classical students, above ail 
others in the world, should be the last to find fault with 
collections, and imparted, to the plants the ay I °! 
having had the small-pox or measles. Many of the great 
syowers in the vicinity of London have suffered to a very 
great extent, and I aminformed that as early as February, 
Mr. Cock, of Chiswick, was obliged to destroy a number 
of his finest specimen plants to prevent the disease spread- 
ing through his whole collection. As several letters soli- 
citing information relative to the cause and prevention of 
the disease have been put into my hands, I may state, 
(though I cannot speak positively, as the plants under 
my charge have hitherto escaped its ravages,) that I 
believe the spotted appeatance to be caused by the grub 
S 
ation of scientific terms by gardeners : if with 
their learning they had removed difficulties and smoothed 
the road for the weak and the weary, they would have 
conferred a benefit on mankind; but instead of driving 
smoothly, as over wooden pavement, they have still deft 
the road as rough as a newly-metalled Macadamised 
highway. With a total ignorance of the nature of the 
Latin and Greek accent, one party asserts that it should 
be placed on the radical part of the word, while another 
as stoutly affirms that it shouldbe pleced on the termina- 
tion. Others say that the Greek accent should be some- 
what like the Latin, when another party says that it 
