398 
THE GARDENERS’ 
CHRONICLE. 
[June 10, 
sary for a servant to look out for another place, long 
service with the late master is the best recommendation 
he can take. Such a personis sure to have a choice of 
the most desirable situations ; and, in old age or sickness, 
he will have a claim that will not be resisted, upon those 
whom he may have served long and faithfully. Poor 
Richard says :— 
«© «J never saw an oft-removed tree, 
Nor yet an oft-removed family, 
That throve as well as those that settled be.’ 
And this is true as to servants. Ihave been induced to 
offer these observations to you, and through you to your 
children, in q of the plai I hear in 
almost every family of the habits and conduct of servants 
now, as compared to what they used to be. Whatever 
may be said of the situation of agricultural servants, (and 
T am fully aware that they have not had those comforts 
they are fairly entitled to,) this is very far from being the 
case with domestic servants. Within the last few years, 
their wages have been greatly increased : their only neces- 
sary expense, namely, clothing, has been very greatly 
diminished ; they have become extremely particular, both 
as to the quantity and kind of work they would perform ; 
and equally so as to the quality of their fare. I want to 
have strict justice done on all sides. I wish most 
anxiously to see the labourer and his children engaged in 
other services, well housed, well fed, well clothed, and 
treated with kindness and consideration. But I must 
tell you and them, that all these advantages are due only 
to those who strive to perform their various duties to the 
utmost of their ability ; to those who are honest, civil, 
obliging, ready to do the work justly required of them, 
industrious and careful in the execution of it; faithful 
guardians of the property entrusted to their care, and 
ever watchful of their master’s interest. I will give you 
one caution at parting, though I hepe and believe it is 
not necessary. Many persons have objected to the plan 
of supplying labourers with gardens, and to their keepi 
pigs, &c. ; because they think that having a gar 
cultivate, will induce a man to come late to his work—to 
return early from it—and to steal away from it when his 
master’s absence may afford him an opportunity. The 
same persons think that having a pig will be a tempta- 
tion to a poor man to pilfer all he can for its support 3 
corn, grain, straw, &e. I do not believe a word of this; 
for, making due allowances for the different advantages 
of different stations amongst mankind, J believe the 
poor tobe full as honest as the rich ; but I mention these 
objections to you in order that you may be particularly 
careful to avoid every act that might give any persons the 
least ground for supposing they were sufferers by any 
advantage given to you. Take nothing that does not 
belong to you; neither goods nor time. For, if you rob 
your master of time which he pays you for, it is the 
same thing, in substance, as robbing him of his money. 
When you lay down your heads to rest at night, employ, 
if it be only a few minutes, in looking back and re- 
flecting upon your conduct through the day. Judge 
yourselves, as you may rest assured you will hereafter 
be judged by Him ‘to whom all hearts are open, and 
all desires known, and from whom no secrets are hid 3 and 
your feelings, on composing yourselves to sleep, will be 
a sure and safe guide for the conduct of the morrow. 
I shall add nothing more at present, but that I hope, 
ere long, to see you baking your own bread, and brewing 
your own beer. This must be deferred till you can save 
a trifle to buy two or three tubs and small casks. You 
will have your hands pretty full now, and will want 
every farthing you can save for some time to come, to 
supply yourselves with garden-tools, the hog-tubs, &c. 
T shall come amongst you as often as I can find time to 
go so,far. I shall watch your proceedings with great 
interest, and shall hope to find you have attended to all 
my directions, or be able to give me a good reason for not 
having done so. The deserving may be sure of encourage- 
ment. If they are at any time in want of further informa- 
tion or advice, or of any assistance in my power to afford 
them, it shall be always at their service. With every wish 
for your increased comforts and happiness, which after all 
will mainly depend on your own industry and general 
good conduct, | remain, your faithful servant, Cuartus 
Lawrence.” 
pcmeepmenee es 
GARDEN MEMORANDA. 
Highelere, the Earl of Caernarvon’s.—There wes lately blooming 
most splendidly atthis place, which has always been celebrated for 
its American plants, a quantity of seedling Rhododendrons, some 
it vivid vermillion 
tint, splendidly spotted with nearly black spots on the upper petals. 
‘he parents of the purplish-flowering kinds are R. altaclerense 
id R. ponticum ; and those of the redder and pale pink sorts, R. 
Altaclerense and R. maximum. In both cases the R. Altaclerense 
is the male parent ; they are remarkable for having immense 
trusses of flowers, many of which are likewise individual y} 
and beautifully formed. This especially the case with al 
purple one, which might easily be mistaken for Azalea 
were it not altogether larger. There are also two or three ve 
deep purple ones, which are quite peculiar and are gener ally con- 
sidered showy; but the colour is rather too dull. One of a 
brownish purple tint is very singular, but too dingy. 
the best of all is a pale vermilion-coloured one, in the way of R. 
maximum, splendidly spotted, with bold trusses fi 
es and flowers 
A very fine one, 
hh 
Th 
ardy. 
® most unfavourable 
So generally complained of, Mr. Goldham has happily been a 
Stranger, scarcely a failure has occurred in his extensive collec. 
tion, it has been wanted here has beea sun, but though he 
has searcely shone upon the bed since the flowers have shown 
@ny colour, the condition of the flowers was beyond what we 
anticipated under these disadvantages, and very superior to the 
the bed last year; the flowers generally have less colour, 
and are more true to their character; there are exceptions to this 
which we noticed, y with Polyp th were 
generally surcharged with colour, excepting in those instances 
where they had run back and been rebroken, when their con- 
stancy is more to be depended on. Among the Roses Goldham’s 
Queen was conspicuous with its singularly bold and fine flame, 
and his Ellen, which has the same character of flame as Pandora, 
and the same formed cup as that beautiful variety. Goldham’s 
Maria is this season in great purity of ground, with the feather 
and flame most delicately pencilled. The Gem is also in its true 
character with its high and rich colour, but wanting sun to bleach 
the ground colour. Triomphe Royale, Aglaia, and Fleur des 
Dames were in fine character, The Duchess of Sutherland among 
the Bybleemens claimed particular attention, not alone for the 
beauty of the flower, but for its constancy also; every bloom was 
true to its character, pure in the white, and rich and decided in 
the markings. Pandora, 
Napoleon, a flower with a bold dark 
, forms a valuable addition to a bed, from it being so deci- 
dedly different from others, Lord Nelson, Holmes’ King (an old 
favourite), and Franklin’s Superb were also fine. In Bizarres, 
Polyphemus was heavy and bad, excepting in two or three in- 
stances before alluded to. ilton not good; on the contrary, 
the Garricks were fine throughout the bed. Strong’s Duke of 
Bedford, a feathered bizarre, a fine mi 
Apelles and Strong’s King were both fine. 
Dr. Lindley, a bizarre broken 
last season comes fine, and is peculiar for the deepness of the 
yellow and the intense black of the flame and feather; the few 
we have noticed were either old varieties in very fine condition, 
or flowers lly found in collecti Tt was evident upo 
examining the flowers that they had wanted sun and warmth to 
*pand the blooms more kindly. A few have broken into colour 
ason ; we noticed a bizarre which promises to be a great ac- 
qui m ; inits present state it fair to surpass Strong’s King, 
the yellow and scarlet are fine and clear, the cup short and well- 
formed, petals firm and waxy, the colour is distributed in a deep 
rich feather, alike in all the petals; it is to be named Goldham’s 
King. Another bizarre, a seedling from Polyphemus, having a 
clear ground, with a delicately-pencilled feather, to be called Per- 
fection, with a rose just opening, and promising well, were the 
élite of the newly-broken flowers. uy 29, 
ae 
Rebietos, 
Manual of British Botany ; containing the Flowering 
Plants and Ferns, arranged according to the Natural 
Orders. By C. C. Babington, M.A. Small 8vo. 
Mr. Basrneron has long been known as a most diligent 
and critical investigator of our wild plants, and we are 
glad to find that he has made public the result of his 
researches, in the work before us. The statement which 
he makes in the preface explains what it was that led 
him to consider this kind of investigation worth the 
pursuit. 
‘From the attention which has long been paid to the 
elucidation of the Plora of Britain and the numerous 
excellent botanists who have, since the time of the 
justly celebrated Ray (not to go further back) employed 
their talents upon an endeavour to determine the indi- 
genous products of these kingdoms, the Author, in 
common it is believed with most English botanists, did 
not suppose that much remained to be done ia British 
botany ; for he could not expect that after the labours of 
such men as Smith, Hooker, Lindley, and others, and the 
publication of so invaluable and unrivalled a collection of 
figures as is contained in the English Botany, there 
could still be many questions concerning the nomenclature, 
or any considerable number of unascertained species, the 
determination of which would fall to his lot. He had 
not however advanced far in the critical examination of 
our native plants before he found that a careful compari- 
son of indigenous specimens with the works of eminent 
continental authors, and with plants obtained from other 
parts of Europe, must necessarily be made, for it appeared 
that in very many cases the nomenclature employed in 
England was different from that used in other countries, 
that often plants considered as varieties here were held to 
be distinct species abroad, that several of our species were 
only looked upon as varieties by them, and also that the 
mode of grouping into genera was frequently essentially 
different. 
“The discovery of these facts produced considerable 
astonishment, and the author was led to consider what 
could have been the causes of so remarkable a discrepancy. 
he following appears to be the most probable explana- 
tion. It is well known that at the close of the last 
century Sir J, E. Smith became the fortunate possessor 
of the Herbarium of Linneus, and was thus enabled to 
ascertain, with very considerable accuracy, the British 
species which were known to that distinguished man, and 
to publish, in the most improved form that he had given 
to his system, a remarkably complete and excellent Flora 
of Britain. Then followed the long-continued separation 
of this country from France, and indeed from most of the 
European nations, by which we were almost completely 
prevented from observing the progress which botanical 
science was making in other countries, and at the same 
works are only known by name to the great mass of the 
cultivators of British botany.” 
Upon looking through Mr. Babington’s pages we find 
many novelties. But whether or not all his new species 
will bear the test of examination will probably be for some 
time a matter of dispute. This however is certain, that 
he deserves credit for calling attention to circumstances 
which have been very generally overlooked. For our- 
selves we are far more inclined to reduce than to increase 
the number of species in books; and to regard the 
distinctions which many Botanists suppose to be per- 
manent, merely as trifling deviations from ordinary 
structure, analogous to those which occur in so much 
more marked a manner in the animal kingdom, without 
however leading zoologists into the error of confounding 
them with species. When we see the extraordinary 
creations which are now springing up in gardens; when 
we know that plants with almost all the characters of 
Azalea pontica, for instance, have been bred out of 
capsules of the common Rhododendron; and when we 
consider the very unexpected discoveries lately made 
experimentally by the Dean of Manchester among 
Narcissi, we cannot but pause before we recognise as of 
specific importance such characters as those by which Mr. 
Babington separates G. intermedium from G. urbanum, 
Dryas depressa from D. octopetala, or Thesium humile 
from T. linophyllum. 
However this may be, there is no doubt that Mr. 
Babington’s is a very valuable contribution to our know- 
ledge of British plants, full of original information and 
good critical remarks. It has also an excellent feature, in 
the adoption of Koch’s method of marking in italics 
those points in the specific characters of difficult genera, 
to which attention is most particularly demanded. 
Theorie der Gértnerei, von John Lindley ( Lindley’s 
Theory of Horticultwre).—8vo. Vienna. i 
Tus is a translation into German of the well-known 
English work, with some valuable notes and observations 
by the translator. As it may interest our readers to 
know the opinion of well-educated foreigners upon the 
importance of correct theory to Gardeners, we select a 
few passages explanatory of the translator’s views. 
In the preface, after some complimentary matter, which 
need not be extracted, the text proceeds thus: ‘‘ The art 
‘of gardening has hitherto consisted of a mere medley of 
isolated or ill-arranged rules, and the individuals engaged 
in it usually received nothing more than a tradesman- 
like and superficial education, principally dependent on 
the capacities of their masters or employers. Such a 
degree of instruction may have been formerly considered 
satisfactory, but it is a question whether this is so at the 
present moment—a question not difficult of solution, 
when we listen to the complaints either of garden propri- 
etors or of gardeners, who often find themselves foiled in 
the culture of most important plants for want of some 
sound principles of action. Much fame, indeed, has 
already been earned by gardening, but it will be more 
and more merited the more its doctrines are based on well 
considered principles and scientific views. 
“ The most profitable and useful appropriation of the 
soil forms the most solid prosperity of all countries- 
It is therefore the chief problem of our art, for the 
proper solution of which we have only to interrogate our 
great teacher, Nature. Ifour questions are well put, we 
are sure to receive in all cases the same answer, because 
nature remains invariably the same, and is never subjected 
to either inconsistency or contradiction. If we perceive 
the forms of her manifestations to be different, this 
should only be a stimulus prompting us to unceasing 
activity and to renewed and more careful observations. | 
“ If once a theory is constructed ona sound basis, like 
that of our Author, itis impossible that those who apply 
themselves to horticulture should be easily led astray 17 
their endeavour after improvement. To the young gar 
dener it is invaluable, because it contains a long series © 
principles, the soundness of which has been proved By 
experiment, and which therefore deserve the entire con 
dence of the beginner.”” 
Among the notes which the translator has added to the 
Author’s text, the following will be found among we 
more interesting. We have prefixed to these the eae 
ber of the paragraphs in the English edition—or o it 
pages—for the convenience of those who may possess } ‘ 
Par. 30.— Every leaf-bud, either on the branches 0} 
the stem, has a connexion with the root by means of soe 
simple organs. It is the continued life of these organs al 
a branch or a bud, after its separation from the ey 4 
plant, which, in our opinion, is the main condition © 
formation of roots in any part of a plant. eae 
Par. 30.—* The young roots of some genera live 
time our own Flora was continually receiving i 0 
new plants which it was nearly impossible to identify 
with the species detected and published in France and 
Germany. At the conclusion of the War we had become 
so wedded to the system of Linneus, and it may even 
perhaps be allowable to add, so well satisfied with our 
own proficiency, that, with the honourable exception of 
Mr. Brown, there was at that time scarcely a botanist in 
Britain who took any interest or paid the least attention 
to the classification by Natural Orders which had been 
adopted in France, and to the more minute and accurate 
examination of plants which was caused by the employ- 
ment of that philosophical arrangement. 
“The publication of so complete and valuable a 
Linnean work as the English Flora greatly contributed 
to the permanency of this feeling, and accordingly we 
find that at 2 very recent period working English 
botanists were unacquainted with any of the more modern 
1 floras, and indeed even now many: of those 
ble time without the cotyledons ore 
So we find that the seeds of ae ae jn 
¥ a va formed Fr 
in January, will have i ae for four 
f the 
very 
any function. 
which are sown ; 
September, but the cotyledons will not be vis 3 
or five months later, viz., inJanuary or February 
next year. Fea ill 
Par. 32.— As summer advances leaves are nee 
formed, and they then perform the function of ae HSHE 
a plant ; because, if the root remains ever s0 Jone Sees 
moisture the plant will not cease to live so Bee Sie 
atmospheric parts, can absorb the moisture 
the dews, and rain. 
i i e of 
roots, the simile of a wick of a candle is certainly one © 
the most appropriate. : 
oles of the root) Me i aL 
conducts fluids to the flame, only Nf 
continually retrewed by their constant formation onw@ 
are permanent. 
