1843. ] 
THE GARDENERS 
CHRONICLE. 
399 
Par. 35.—‘ In many cases the rejection of certain sub: 
Stances by the roots of plants may be caused by a want 
of chemical affinity. Liebig say: «* Nature herself 
shows us what a plant requires for its youngest fibres at 
the first period of development. Beequerel has proved 
that the seeds of Graminaces, Leguminose, Conifers, 
Chicoracere, Umbelliferse, Coniferse, and Cucurbitacese 
excrete acetic acid during germination. A plant sprout- 
ing forth from the soil, a leaf protruding from its bud, 
Contain a portion of ashes, which are in * general as much 
Saturated with alkaline salts as at any other period of 
vegetation (Saussure). Becquerel’s experiments tell us 
how and by what means these alkaline salts reach the 
plants. The acetic acid, when formed, spreads in the 
humid soil, becomes saturated with alkaline matter, lime, 
and magnesia, and is again taken back by the fibres of 
roots in the form of neutral salts.” 
Par. 37.—“ The curious phenomenon that poisons fatal 
to animals are also destructive of plants must be consi- 
ered as a wise provision of the Creator, because if such 
Poisons did not kill plants the latter could not be the 
chief nourishment of men and animals, whose existence 
Would then be the most difficult thing imaginable. 
Par. 38.—‘* The analysis of Liebig has proved that 
Yain-water contains nitrogen in the form of ammonia, and 
that of Struve, that most mineral matter contains car- 
bonie acid. Before this, no one could explain whence the 
amount of nitrogen contained in the plants was derived. 
This riddle is now solved, and the culture of plants has 
been thereby advanced to an incalculable degree, although 
Some may still not sufficiently appreciate the discovery. 
Par. 42.—* In the same way as the cotyledons exist for 
the nourishing of the young stem, so also the leaf which 
is beneath a bud is there for nourishing the latter. But 
the leaf in the axil of which is no bud has another 
function. 
Par. 49.—© In all perennial plants, in shrubs, fruit and 
forest trees, a new and particular vegetative process fol- 
lows the perfect maturation of the fruit; whilst in 
annuals from this period the stems become lignified, and 
the leaves change their colour into yellow; on the other 
and, the leaves of trees and shrubs remain in activity 
Until the beginning of winter. The formation of the 
Woody rings proceeds, wood Becomes more solid and hard, 
and from August onwards leaves produce no more wood ; 
all carbonic acid which they receive and assimilate isused in 
the preparing of nutritious substances for the next year 5 
instead ,of ligneous fibre, starch is formed, and spread in 
the form of August juice through all parts of the plant, 
(Hartwig in Liebig’s Organic Chemistry. 
Par. 67.‘ The common belief that it is only the direct 
rays of the sun which can operate the decomposition 
of the carbonic acid in leaves, and that the reflected rays 
(the common light of day) do not possess that quality, is 
a great fallacy, because in many plants just the same snb- 
Stances are formed, whether they are struck by the rays of 
the sun or grow in the shade ; they require light, and the 
light of the sun ; but itis indifferent to them whether they 
Teceive the solar rays directly or indirectly; their func- 
tions will merely go on with more energy and rapidity if 
rowing in the sun than in the diffused light of day, or in 
the shade; and there cannot be any other difference in 
this case than what is exercised by light on chemical com- 
Pounds, and this difference will consist merely in a more 
or less accelerated process. Thus chlorine and hydrogen 
Unite into chloric acid, but this combination only takes 
Place after some hours, it merely influenced by the light 
of day, while in the sun’s rays it is sudden, and accompa- 
nied by an explosion, and in the dark not the least change 
Will be observed. ———Most physiologists have connected 
the exhalation of carbonic acid during night with the 
absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere, and consider this 
function as the real respiration of plants, which (as we 
now) produces in animals a decarbonization of the blood. 
ere is scarcely an opinion which rests on such a feeble 
asis. The water received by roots contains carbonic 
acid, which is not decomposed on the absence of light, 
but remains dissolved in the sap which pervades all parts 
ofa plant ; and every moment, along with the water eva- 
Dorating through the leaves is a proportionate amount of 
‘arbonic acid expelled. Soil in which plants vegetate Inx- 
UWiantly contains a certain a of moisture (an indis- 
Pensable condition of the life), and such a soil is never 
deficient j in carbonic acid, either derived from the atmo- 
Sphere or from the putrefaction of vegetable matter. No 
Water, either rain or that of springs, is free from carbonic 
acid ; and at no period of the life of a plant does the 
Capability of its roots to absorb moisture, and cons 
theaty, air and carbonic acid, altogether cease. Can it 
piece re surprise us that carbonic acid, conjointly with 
& evaporating water of the plant, is returned to the 
Tenosphere, when the cause of the fixation of carbon, viz., 
aa t, is deficient ? That exhalation of carbonic acid is as 
a ae with the process of assimilation and with 
Ae fa plant as the absorption of oxygen. They do 
ieee the least relation to each other; the one isa 
eee, mechanical, the other a chemical process. A wick 
oe shut up ina lamp which contains a fluid impreg- 
as ii with carbonic acid will be in just the same position 
iving plant in darkness, Water and carbonic acid 
b, bout esorbed by the power of capillary attraction, and 
Organ borate again on the surface of the wick.—Liebig’s 
te Chemistry, 1840. 
(To be Seas ee 
Ce) 
TLENDAR OF OPER OPERATIONS Hee the ensuing week. 
See, pla apologise for ploughing with another man’s heifer; I 
claint 2 Plainly enough, that tthe Floricultural Cabinet ” has a better 
my fi frien 0 originality for paving, pee with popes Nene than 
Wo Hake " 
TS of the adage, which ay, Ma good ‘tale is not ths worse for 
ing twice told.” I can only: account for Pek ‘s", failure by. 
pce ne Tobacco to be too mois' ne my men tr’ ied. 
ww nd both burnt down to the sockets. The “* Cabinet’s *” 
plan of patting . ae ry Aas of Tobacco on the Peter, and then 
rolling it up 1 's better han paving all the 7 Pobacc in the 
centre, TRV Sa Hen derson, of F Apple- 
nea 
place, wed the Poly pala? eR obea pond plant 
for winter pe many of the Becntonse ¢ Polygalas 
might be so managed Jae (ues about this 
keeping tHe in-doors throug! 
flower early ings 
, in the same us 
ware that all the iS) 
—that is, kept in vigorous 
Seana there a 
as, treated after t! 
owth in the greent house all the 
summer, _ will begin to flower late in the autumn, and continue 
on through the whole winter, es ying the place of we 
Fuch nd this ye me in mini see Mexican Fuchs’ 
§ lendens, which h is pring flow Eee 
Tone hs, aS YOU Ww cal 
cr cual! at the roots and 
il jus it alive, then Bee it a good shite and 
force it mene eile the Roses and you will have it in flower by 
the end of Febr tre i my plants thus last year, and 
they were inch aomnired in nthe conservatory last spring. Tha 
also, the year before last, ee this F the polle 
fulgens and corymbi da I like the seemines better tha a 
either of their parents. 
J._KITCHEN-GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 
n-door HERES 
Pin ~-If the young stock of plants have all been looked 
over pie potted, nothing pequiring periculey notice will be 
wanted for some time, ept th utine of watering 
ringing, giving air, and Hewieps Spang if the plants do 
(he houses where fruit is ripe, or about ripening, 
must he kept dry with a free current of air, bunt as soon as t’ ne 
rop is reduced to a fortnight’s pga ¥ ou had better cat 
all the bunches, ves hang them in a cool, m. This would 
be a great relief to the Vines, as you fan Sudtbe vem 
a it give them: as much air as the house will allo 
e@ late hov in greenhouses, will want ae lance of 
Heise ure, both a roots ee over the foliage, to encourage 
them to sw ies a aie crop of fr 
Prac —The last of az, nkautt well be managed like the 
Grapes, as they do not keep well any length of time after they 
Sk ripe, and are Tey ver better than when just gathered off the 
arevore: have patience, and keep the air in 
this house dry il after the fruit is gathered for use, when you 
Tees and all parts of the house a 
iy down with the engine or a {powerful 
syringe. the. Cte trees may also be treated in the same 
manner 
Me Anp CucumpBers.—In nine cases out of tes Melons, 
in the hands of a young beginner, either come in when 
not wanted, or altogether at one time, just a: 
but, unlike the Pine, you cannot, keep them for any lengthier 
Eee after they are ripe. The only expedient that I know of to 
eet such a case is to gather some of the fruit a short time 
Barete they are quite aus. ne as soon as the tee our ae the first 
Melon indicates its approach to fraeurttsys oO place se on a 
shelf in # cool fruit-room or dry cellar, where they will “ede for 
a week or ten days; and if you serve them as you would winter 
Pears, by exposing them for a day or two toa dry heat in the 
teben, or under gl: n the sun, they will eat as mellow and 
with as good fl oo a ithey ree pbenel ont 
am not sure if ve ery lat 
impr coved in th says, See wrattue vide ¢ Cacan mbers dO 
t ick at the ting + an ips have been in 
dime will now want. me arg ortions of water, 
py all the bed, an Ave exhausted the 
is tim. 
ué-door Department. 
The weather still keeps dripping. How different from this 
time last year, when ae was thought of in the kitchen- 
arden but eke sa ts pot, and no short zee or hardly any 
kind of her nalaeeteae for mulching crops,&c.! All the crops 
are now w cae areeibe in strength and Saubeian Gel In two 
or three more weeks we shall have the turn of the season; the 
begin to lengthen and the dews will become 
to sustain vegetation in case of dry weather succeeding 
Mentine fora alo 
as their roots must c 
soil a good deal by t1 
sept for some very particular ocean Aspara- 
at after this tine a private garder 
—Plant out a few pote Cabbage- 
up a supply 
AS. s x 
gus should not be 
COLT AND CABBAGES. 
plants and autumn Broccoli once 4 forest to keep 
of young heads in the autumn; and see that the adeedcvers c 
these do not get too much crowded, as they will soon do this 
moist alt 
LOWERS.—A few Yeti plants of these from the spring- 
sown ders had better also be transplanted, at short intervals, 
rather than a large breadth at a Hine If those now coming into’ 
use are likely to b a wee abundant than is pi ai for the daily 
cor mauumption, some o: m should be checked, to keep them 
ack, if only by Bushide in the spade on one side, to cut half 
their roots. 
ere y.—A short row of this may be put out and well watered, 
to carry on the early suecession; and the young plants for the 
neti crops will require a Hisitact SEE? of water, if the rain 
does not get to their roots. 
ccrssion Crops or Lrrruc 
—You will go on with these accor 
'§; and see that the hoe is always in motion among crops 
, whether there are weeds or not, There is one kind of 
work which 18 hetdly ayer thought of iv suymer; I mean 
trenching vacant pieces of ground as they fall in; but I know of 
no method of impr oving heavy soils equal to trenching it when 
Peas, Kipney-Buans, &c, 
ing to the state of the last 
walls must be denied: with a notice ase ao orchar Sune if only 
i ey that, like the ridged Cucumbei ey are often left to get 
much crowded at the first as ‘oft righ wind 
la : 
throws them back ie _ismanage- 
ment people will say s too cold to 
t some other e cuse equally groundless, Con- 
tinue pinching, puis " 
smake their 
pushes or standard tree: 
and let all your walls ae berceratinwe-aiteat app 
{ dislike more than any insect. Boiling v 
way of dealing with them when you find th 
U.—FLOWER-GARDEN AND SHRUBBE RY. 
In- door L Lepartment. 
ero ‘cdiendrons, Vincas, and other 
sefu 
ng as al auxiliaries for 
flowering in the conservator he aaien should now be in 
good condition for flowering, and have large portions of air to 
inure them to the cron ee. Clerodendron. SUES bids fair 
o turn A C. spec imum wutivation. In habit, 
otia danfiorascence, Wout plants ate very Touch alike, but 
the eaeeel simam has an unfortunate way of thro pine oat 
glandular secretions on the undersides of i) leaves; and unle: $8 
these are wiped off with a dry sponge on their ast Gea 
they soon dry ly into black, rusty spots, giving the plant a filthy 
appearance. bts were entertai ained last year about the new 
Cleredendron aceucere peas a free flowerer; but these have 
now vanished, and no plar Wink deserves a place in a select 
collection. The stoves Penis air now ; but still keep up a 
strong, moist heat, and let the lett stand clear of each other. 
Greennovse.—Dwarf plants intended for specimens should 
258 
have we best. places along the front inae unless there are pits 
which or be eee for ae When the advantages 
of fees plea in pits summer shall be better 
understood, our Freenhouses vl us edie to better account 
Sore that time than they tt present. Some will use them 
for growing Grapes, otters for intermediate nodes for the 
ae jer stove-plants, while the majority will tw ae them into 
Aes ar summe conserv toes where nothin t plants in 
r will be nee d. 
Coup Prrs.—C: 
Rhododendr 
rht nc 
Chinese Azaleas, and the finer hybrid 
t have been aE Ee in heat. since they flowered, 
thi 
three ee will take b; 
al 
.: Garden 
2m ; 
he Agnie 6 or P 
fore ae often loc dly after the first or fee but they may 
be fore: = for a man’s life-time, and look well, if properly 
to allow a frame for them about this 
‘ood loam made light with 
fy p eat, to water them well at the roots, 
scl te dows n ae o ey feet to grow freely ; 
e dry for: any length- 
a fine rose watering~ 
After eed begin to give air by de; rae till, by the middle 
er end of July, you can expose them i ut 7 a te dews, 
gon the glass in the mort the sun is, 
too strong for the my) ee i zh Seber over the since Dwarf 
R sondeieti speciosa, Francisea 
v atifolia), and a host of other plants of the 
Hopeana (but not F. 
ae stamp, Will m 
eated, than by y other method that 1 know ictol 
they tg a be pot sed and Be close i i the same frame till atey 
r thi have no room to name atithe of the green- 
makes that ought to be now turned out into 
res aa " = 
warm borders. 
Out-door Department. 
Afterall the Dahlias are staked, the Rosery requires the greatest 
attention now. I fear we shall have another bad Rose season. 
The plants, being too luxuriant, begin to throw up green centres 
already.—D. Beaton, Shrubland Park Gardens. 
ndon for the Week ending June 8, 1943, a8 
State of eo Ww Aas near Lon 
at the Horticultural Garden, 
~ Baron Wind. | Rain. 
Max. 
th masses of dark & white clouds. 
howe 
ae occasionally } boisterous, Wik heavy 
ra er 
$ thower and sun 
in at night. 
ea temperature of the week: 2.99 below the average 
State of the Weather at Chiswick during the last 17 years, for the ensuing 
We tty 
cending June 
at No, of 
Mei in 
June. gies t igwes| Pr wich 4 
ae P-| aine 
of Rain, 
. ; temperature during the ubove period oecurred on 
and 13th, —thermometer 90°; and ‘the Yowest on the loth, 1841, ther- 
mometer 36°, 
REPORT ON COVENT-GARDEN J MARKET, 
For the Week aes June 9, 1843. 
From the continued wet weat etables and all out-door 
r vi great rapidity, and arenow 
Gooseberries an 
Cauliflowers are very 
Artichokes are as lai is Sites to have them s pie and 
Carrots are in an exc lent states ae ‘otatoes are very numerous, 
and of first-rate DD er too, are more pel Ao and of an 
excellent, quali ett can "Salad, &e. abound at present. 
foreed Frui s, the Grape are now admirable, and the deep rich colour- 
peci pally peste Peaches and Nectarines 
w Plums, with a eee of noble 
1s, per 
aa ound. Some cut ae of different kin Tis, s eariet a Erica 
ventricosa, Gloxinia enon are eireaias odorata, Collinsia 
bicolor, Aconitum nap: , the double-flowered Myrtle, jue 
Johnsoni, Gladiolus pu adie, pacts grandiflora, and ‘Tropeo~ 
u any aye ¢3 oe pene in pots of several 
varieties of Erica ventricosa, ricoides, Saxifraga granulat ® 
plena, and tee that Peet belie fee feuted cute 
PRICES, Saronvay, June 10, 1843.—FRUITS 
Pp b. 48 to 10 Cherries, forced, per Ib-s 108 to 
Gee Seta French per 12 Joes qt “0s 
o's rib. 1s to 07 
Lemons, per 4 
oe 10, be 20 lds 
Cucumbers, per brace, 1s to 
lnuts, per bush, 165 
Chena 7a peck 4s to ts 
Almond peck, 6s 
e3, pe 
sine 6s to 12 
» des 
atin wae 700 be So to se 
Gut Nuts per 100 Bs 66 
Nuts, per bushe} 
Br 
Be 
= Barcelona, 22s 
— Cob, 12s 
VEGETABLES. 
100, Be Gd 40 66. 3 
—Sprue, or § bun. 
Lettuce, C: ves bd toss 
ES mee ony per aaceegead tole 
bd., (12to 15) 6d to 1s 6d 
ikea, per bile, 4d to 1a 8d 
0 3d 
es io 
Caulifios os) 
Beans,Kidne 
Po! tates Per tom, Ae to 9 
to as 
=_ Kidney, p-b 
Seow, per bush a 2s 
= * New, per lb, bd to'ts jBe peri? bunches, 1s 6d to 
eae [iisrala por donchen, 1409 
anes per boachs-8d tods |Rennel, ber 2s 
ed Beet, per dozen, 9d to ls Re xv doz. eeunuhes; 1s 6d et i 
Howe Radin sper bundle, 1s toGr one 
Radis spring, p. doz. 
ip, Ly 
Carrots, Stent dens 
Spring per bunch, 4d to 1¢ Sd cee ire 
sé Soring per bunch, 24 t 
eI ots eek ab bat rE = Placing, per bf-ev., an to 5a 
ee bes i toile Large, per bun,, 4d to lod 
een per bi 
Peas, per bushels 
Noiices to Correspondents. 
Mayvurus.—A Constunt Reader.—A couple of pounds of oil of 
vitriol will, we conceive, be enough to fix all the ammonia 
likely to be found in @ load of farmyard-manure, and it ought 
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