walked with a nice 
- of th Yous ladies very anxious to know, 
416 EEL. 
E GARDENERS 
CHRONICLE. 
[June 17, 
which are rich in gallic acid, like Quercus robur, will 
absorb ten times, and the leaves of Populus alba (full of a 
volatile oil easily convertible into resin ) twenty-one 
times their volume of oxygen. This chemical action of 
the leaves is very evident in Cotyledon calycina, Cacalia 
ficoides, and some others, which in the morning are sour, 
like Sorrel, at midday tasteless and in the evening bitter. 
It is therefore clear that during night an acidifying and 
oxidizing process takes place in the day and evening; on 
the other hand, disoxidation takes its turn; the acid 
becomes converted into substances which contain oxygen 
and hydrogen in the same proportion as water, as in all 
tasteless and bitter substances.—Liebig’ s Org. Chem. 
«Those leaves which remain longer green than others 
will receive in the same period less oxygen than those 
whose substances go through a speedy state of change. 
Par. 78.—* The five leaflets of a pinnated Rose-leaf 
yield, under proper eae five little plants. 
Par. 85.— Th which the young plant can 
receive. from the air in the form of carbonic acid and 
ammonia is confined within certain limits ; it cannot assi- 
milate more than the air contains. If, therefore, in the 
beginning of its development the number of shoots, leaves, 
&c. has exceeded these limits in consequence of a super- 
abundance of nutritious substance derived from the soil, 
and if it therefore requires for the completion of its deve: 
lopment into flowers and fruit more nutritious substances 
than the air can yield, it will not be able to reach the 
formation of flowers and fruit. In many cases this food 
only suffices for that full development of leaves, culms, an 
twigs. It will therefore be the same as if ‘ornamental 
plants are transplanted into larger pots, and allowed to 
increase and multiply their roots. In sucha case, all the 
food will be consumed in multiplying roots and leaves, 
which will shoot into mere herbage, and not produce 
flowers. With dwarf fruit-trees the case is reversed; we 
abstract, as it were, a part of their branches, and conse- 
quently of their leaves ; (we prevent the CAC alae of 
new branches; a of arti- 
ficially created, which is then used by the plant for moul- 
tiplying flowers and increasing the size of the fruit. The 
pruning of the Vine has a similar aim.—Liebig’s Organic 
Chemistry. 
Pere 96. eae If the ripening of fruit take’ place in the 
dark, oxygen is absorbed, and the green of the leaves 
(resinous, and replete with resinous matter) is changed ; 
red and yellow pigments are formed; vinous, citric, and 
tannic acids vanish, and in their stead are found sugar, 
starch, and gum. —Liebig’s Organic Chemistry. 
Par. 98.—‘‘ The fruit of the Fig-tree is eatable, but, as 
has peer lately proved, not nourishing. 
r. 99.— The formation of acid is accompanied by 
the arienteat excretion of oxygen; it increases in the so- 
called neutral substances of the ligneous fibre, sugar 
and starch; and it reaches its maximum in oils. The 
effects of the light of the sun and the influence of heat 
in the ripening of fruits is somewhat represented by the 
numbers, which express the quantity of the secreted 
oxygen of organic compounds in determined Eee 
—Liebig’s Organic Chemistry, , 
not succeed. 
Note, p. 83.—‘‘ If the temperature is somewhat lower, 
and moisture considerable, most of the Pelargonia either 
will yield no pollen at all, or some very imperfect ; whilst 
under different circumstances, some even of those con- 
sidered sterile hybrids will yield—if not the normal number 
of anthers—at least a sufficient quantity of perfect pollen, 
to be capable of fertilization, and yielding good seeds, 
~ P. 87, note 67.—‘‘ This (the supposed cause of the 
Double Yellow Rose not flowering) is contradicted by an 
experiment of our own. We know two places where the 
Double Yellow Rose produces every year perfect flowers, 
they are distant from each other one league. he situa- 
tion is a particular one, and in both places there is 
scarcely any difference. The one plant grows close to 
the wall of a high building, around which there is on one 
side a wet ditch, up to which the extremities of the roots 
must reach ; in the other place a canal is close to the 
roots. If in both these cases the roots do not actually 
reach the water, they are at all events continually in a 
soil moistened by water. As the one building, near 
which the Rose stands, has a projecting roof, and the 
other consists of a high wall, which keeps off westerly 
winds, the leaves are constantly protected from moisture, 
whilst the roots have as constant a supply of it. 
Par, 119.—‘‘ The statements as to the temperature of 
Vienna cannot afford gardeners any certain data, because 
the observations are made in the middle of the city, 
where the number of chimneys, the warmth of houses, 
stables, and dung-hills, which where horses are kept can 
never be entirely emptied, radiate a considerable amount 
of caloric, which must diminish thecold. The vapours, 
which are seen floating above thé town in chilly mornings 
and evenings still more corroborate this assertion.’’ 
(To be continued.) 
CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS for the ensuing week. 
Axzour the beginning June is generally the time for budding 
at are wanted t 
im yet; aoe wood of both 
e continual 
lo not know 
part: 
among otter things, 
m “slips;” and 
what quantity 
ht time to grow 
ri 
the slips were prepared for planting, 
of water they required, and how often should they have it, with a 
great many more questions about them. After answering them, 
we went to make euteingds took the short flowering shoots, cut 
them off from the boughs so close that we had to pare off a little 
as the bark round the bottom of the cuttings; then cut away the 
wo lower sets of leaves, and pinched off the tops of the cuttings, 
obit they had flower-buds on them. They were now ready 
for eset ; some with only two sets of leaves, and some with 
hich were all left on. I then showed them how they 
eHonia plant them, about an inch and a half deep, pressin, 
soil very tight to them; and told ace if they ebie pull them up 
There are scores of t plants of which cuttings dee ve made now 
in the same way; @ y pl 
will soon make ots All the Pelargoniums will, for instance ; 
but if one had a handglass ty ae over them they would root in 
‘eis more tr pe when a handglass 
° 
2 
a 
g 
4 
$ 
g 
£ 
Ss 
3 
8 
= 
Ei 
oy 
a 
5 
B 
8 
8 
g 
8 
cE 
a8 
Ey 
ee 
2 
ES 
BE 
g2 
aad half that see every other day afterwards, unless the 
weather is very n they must have it every day, and 
always the first thing after breakfast. I thought I should haye 
room to tell young gentlemen just come ore for the summer 
week will be time enough to 
meantime, see that your penknives are very § Steps and have 
some stout worsted, such as is used to make Soe stockings, 
for tying on the buds; this is better than matting. 
I. EO Se GARDEN AND ORCHARD, 
Pinery.—If you le "the plants plenty of room, plenty of Best 
and moisture, and some anure occasionally, there are n 
plants less troublesome thar n Pines; and on the table it is on 
king of fruits. When ute Natt mL of Dottom- heat comes to 
be understood, and the nch mode of grow! them without 
pots adopted, we shall have ether reo the onl districts all over 
the country as cheap as Melons. 
ERY,—I expect we shall have a very dry summer yet, after 
these rains are over. There seems to be a complete cycle of 
Cae aes and droughts ing on in our latitude. But what 
has this to do with the Vineries? Nothing, but that the ae 
heavy rains have washed down all the poodneas from the surface 
of the borders, whe re the most active roots are; and when the 
dry weather sets in they will have ede to feed on, unless 
you give them siligi aterings with liquid manure, and cover 
them with a thin layer of short grass, 2 yeep down evaporation, 
H-HOUSE.—This has been a bad season for pe Peaches, 
They could neither get sun nor air sufficient to 
good flavour; and so with Grapes and Melons; since rife middle 
of May, all that could be done was giving air by the doors and 
front ventilators, while the roof sashes were obliged to be kept 
down, as if they were fixe: 
MELons.—The e succession plants will require large portions of 
water at ie roots when they are swelling their fruit; and alsoa 
smart bottom-heat. Keep FRE over the fruit which is ripen- 
ing, lest it get damaged on the under-side, by being too long in 
one position; and if you can get the stalk end downwards, it is 
the thickest part of the Melon to bear the weight. Let all the 
young plants be kept thin of shoots. 
Out-door Department. 
On dry soils the wet has gone no harm ea but crops are ina 
sad plight on the heavy, wet lands, and a ge to dry weather 
is wished for by everybody. i the Kitchen igerten; some of the 
tender crops have come to a stan 
several attempts on the fruit-trees; but the dashing rains keep it 
under yet. Peas are growing out of all el Maine to their stakes; 
and Beans are so top-heavy, that the oh wind will break 
orn Been, of them, The Strawberries aie lees ; but there seems 
a good crop of them. In someplaces many of the Cherries 
a ‘Pen ars have dropped; but the ee OTRREE: and 
Raspberries never looked more promising at 
ws.—These have grown so fast intelyy ‘that unless they 
soon crowd each other on the 
seed-beds. Do the same with Caulifower and Cabbage plants, 
EANS AND PgeAs.—Except for the earliest crops of these, 
people seldom think of stopping them, but they should all be 
stopped this season, ifonly to keep th: em Within reasonable bounds. 
WBERRIES. — Those lanes that have been puenong Aue 
from the forcing-houses since the middle of May have had si 
fine time to eae off their growth without any check, that iat 
of them will do to force next year. I have never forced Straw. 
berry plants the Seal time; but one of the best gardeners in 
Suffolk told mi eae other day he always does, and the a advantage 
is a larger Srey fo e same sized pots. After they finish their 
growth, about this ti time, be lets them get dry in the pots, as they 
a5 with the Pe largoniums after cutting them, for a fortnight cr 
three weeks, then shakes the dry mould from their ine eu 
repots them in fresh soil, planting tes deeper than they 
efore. I had previ faualy read of the plan, but was not neh aunts 
of the advantages of it. See that adorei small pots are at hand 
to get in the runners by See by for the next forcing plants. 
Enpive.— Plant out a of these for the first supply, anda 
few more ete core hence, ance which they will enter your regular 
Lees Sinaia 
TARD.—' re his i is about A best time to scarify the branches 
or es of hide-bound trees; a good old practice, which has 
fallen into disuse, Peers fron: el 2 performed in winter, when 
it did more harm good by opening up wounds which could 
not be healed til the return of the ane next summer, 
performed now, the incision will be filled up in two or three 
weeks with a layer of soft matter from top to bottom, along which 
the returning ee will find a a. channel to the roots. Just 
try a branch or two this way, if only for experiment. Ki am Ssatis- 
fied, from lon; pe experience, ef is asi ae and useful plan to i Anvigo- 
rate stunted branches ; but it must be done at the right time, 
Il,—FLOWER-GARDEN AND SHRUBBERY. 
m-door Department. 
Sroye.—The weather has been so dull lately that we could 
hardly give sufficient air to the Lae and the y 
are too weak in consequence; so t 
We on Be ey return to clear weather, till the plants are hardened 
es with abundance of air. Keep an eye after insects, 
which Tmultiply fast at this time, if not See and see that 
of the plants suffer for want of larger 
ican HOUSE.—The general routine of acai and training 
the plants, with attention to cleanliness, are all that you can do 
now, unless some of the plants may want another shift. It might 
be worth while to mark such plants as flower from April to June, 
and are getting too large or straggling, or are not in good health, 
and keep them in a warm, sheltered place; and when you begin 
‘of experiment, to see 
here you could get goot 
them away, Ss 
aoweet in the dead of winter, Ont in a few years, be slant the 
best gardener; and, like everything sue fe little forethought and 
Se ae will goa iong way in such matt 
sERVATORY.—The late dull weather was more deeb 
to plants in flower in this house than to any department o 
ening ; no sun or dry hot air to fade the blooms, and no ayade 
to hurt the foliage, In very many cases Plants in flower do not 
require so much water as when they are in more active growth; 
but the strong conservatory climbers planted out in the borders 
can hardly haye too much water just now. Itis of no use giving 
hints about cleanliness, as this house is always kept like a 
rawing-room, 
Mare ena “turf taes are just as useful in summer as they are 
winter; and if they are only covered with the thinnest calico, 
seeshed on frames, hundreds ou plants willlive and id ive in them 
better than anywhere else. Some of them should havea thin layer 
of soil, to plant out young aeaalings in, or newly- d plants, 
and for young, tender Koses, &c. Allsorts of buh ah plants 
may be propagated in them for the next three months, either in 
pots, or what is better, planted out in a bed of li lent Gaur covered 
over with aninch of sand. Many other uses for them will occur 
in practice, Any ORR? labourer can pu such pits; and 
their size should correspond with that of the Melon-pits in the 
same establishment, so that the frames may do for either. 
-door Department 
o much rain is as hurtful to young half-hardy plants as too 
little. Yet I never saw the wile take so freely to the soil as 
they have done this season, Flower-gardening is of such a 
routine nature that one hardly knows what to say about it; as 
every one minds to keep their flowers in order, by tying them up 
and ns them, sweeping, mowing, rolling, and all such kind 
k.—D, Beatiny Shrubland Park Gardens. 
State of the Weather near London for the Week ending June 15, 1843,a8 
erved at the Horticultural Garden, Chiswick. 
ike Wind. |Rain. 
June | Max, ne roore| boron 
Friday 9 63 Pra 
Saturday ;10 we 
Sunday 1 
Monday 12 68 
Tues 4, 4 i 1k 
Wasnoraey 
Thursday 15 a 
29.917 | 29.893 | 64.8 | 49.4 | ES 87 
Fune.9. Cloudy and windy; boisterous,-with showers and sunshine in inter- 
pvercast: 
under-storm, with heavy rain, 34, p.m.: showery. 
clear at night. 
State of the Weather at Ola ic og er el a years, for the ensuing 
ing J 
Lay M oa 
June. sgh Lowere!| Mean Years in nanti¢; 
| Temp. | Temp. Temp| wh! ich hy Rain 
Sun, 18| 741 |, 526 
Mon, 19 71.0 50.4 
Tues. 20 72.1 51.7 
Wed. 21) 73.8 52.4 
Thurs.22 70.7 49.5 
; 38 | 63.0 | 45.3 
Sat. 24' 73.0 | 
‘The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the @1sty 
1934—thermometer 8193 and the lowest on the 22d, 1830, thermometer 39°. 
= 
REPORT ON COVENT-GARDEN MARKET, 
For the Week ending June 16, 184s i 
Tue marketis now very y suppli ith 
Currants (which are beginning to colon Peas, Lettuce of the 
1p 
35 
& 
pees kind. A most remarkable SERA Cat | is perceptible 
the Peaches and Nectarines, particularly the es me 
te panels lar; ge and Hendson me. sntyae ms are fine, and pro- 
out-door crops. The most conspicuous novelties in flowers _ 
f Tikiom eximiu st of the common annnals, 
cut specimens of J aes Paliseris), pats h ey large blossoms, 
appearing to have been wn in as with rich soil, and 
‘inks and Moss Roses in the greatest pie he, We saw nothing 
fresh in the collections of potted plants, 
PRICES, Sarurpar, wists 17, 1843.—FRUITS :— 
Pine Apple, per Ib. 4s to 10s 8, F h rey 105 
eager hodtnces per thy 9 to 5s Temonty aastaate as fh? se 
= Spanish, per Ib. 1 to 186d Pek 100, 58 
to 3s! bers, Per brace, le to 
Walnuts, per bush. +» 168 
Apples; dessert, per bush., 84 to 168 | Sy 
—_” Kitchen, per bush, 6s to 12¢ Filberts, En, iis er sft 8 
; gsole | Gob Nuts, per ss. @ 
rries 46d tods Gd | Nuts, per bushi at 
Currants, per half-sieve, 3s 6d t a Brazil, 167 
per 
= wlter, per 100, Oto 208 
VEGETABLES. 
Gabbaxo-plants,per doz, bun.» 1s to 2s 6d Beas, per sack, 12 t 
10 14g. 
Cabbages, per doz., 6d to Asparagus, large, 6s 
Caulitfowers, pex dozen, fh i “Smelly p 10, bo 0 
Bean: Kidney, forced, p. ath eto ac Lettuce, Cabb., p. eves 6d to 
Potatoes, per ton, 60s to = ‘os, per score, 4d to 1 
— ' per cwt. 3¢ to aa Celery, p. bd., (12to 15) 6d ta le Gd 
- per bushel la 6d t Rhubarb Stalks, per bdle, 4d to 1s 
= . Kianey, p-bush,, 1+ ed to 2 oa] Small Salads, per punnet, 2d to 
= Scotch, pe per bushel el, Be Green Basil, per bunch, 4d to 6d 
Ww, per Ib, 3d t Watercress, per doz. sm. bun. 4d to 6d 
foloslsany us dot bee doing Bato B.A 
Bunion, Spring, per bunch, 3d to ls |‘Tarragon, p 
ed Bi er dozen, 9d to ls 
Horse Hadseh, per bundle, 1s to Gr 
Radish, s 2 Hatnds, 6d to 1s 
. doz. bunch, 6d to 1s 
orn-yp-bun dd to 1564 | Spi 
pring per bunch 4d Leek 
Geaiicne perlb. to 6 
Sh uy rie 3 oe — ‘Spring per buncl chy 3 od 
a; peeve bd tod = Prolene nee hf-ty, tea tobe 
Peasy per tleves 4¢ to ba Large, per bun., 
er half-sieve, 2s 6d to Bs 
z, bunches, 1s Gd to 88 
bs yet to 6d 
rnp 
carro oun 
Notices to Corr ‘espondents. 
MANurx.—A, F.—Liqnid manure should be weak, and applied 
often, if that is practicable. lants are beginning to 
grow, till they are in fall peste is the period when it should 
be used. It i le use at other ti Yours should be 
very good; if iti i enc adda Tittle bleaching powder. No 
Asparagus has done well this year, in consequence of the cold 
and wet season. r manure nor sal 
place of the light and warmth of the sun. 
improve the flavour of Asparagus, We are glad to eee that 
he manure-heap made as we directed a short tim 
produced you such enormous one it could not be 3 otherwise, 
Anthony.—If chalk is of use to your Jand, independent 0} 
you have used too much sulphuric acid. ‘The rule is to add 
the latter till the effer svete eEine to cease, and no longer. 
Instead of three quarts of water to one quart of the fluid it 
ould ha ve used at least 10 quarts aT 
cases liquid manure is best applied very weak and often. ee 
impossible to give directions for the proportions to be borne y 
oil of vitriol and cloacine ; that can only be learnt by expe- 
vience; a little will go a long way. 
