339 
guiera’s. As these two species will sometimes flower when less 
than a metre in height, they are often credited with being 
only shrubs. Wherever conditions are favorable to their deve- 
lopment, they are found to grow 10 metres or more in height 
and 10--15 cm. in diam. The bark contains a great deal of 
coloring matter and, if placed in water, will soon give the 
water a dark orange-red color. The wood also contains a con- 
siderable quantity of the coloring matter. The bark is used to 
produce a red dye and, in combination with indigo, to give 
the various blacks and blues so much used by the Chinese for 
coloring cheap cloth. The bark also contains a high percentage 
of tannin. Various analyses give from 21—31 °/,. 
It is considered by the cutch-makers to be the best of the 
mangroves. The wood is also very highly prized for firewood. 
It is usually preferred to the other mangroves, being said to 
produce a hotter fire. Moreover, it is of very convenient size. 
Fam. CoMBRETACEAE. 
Lumnitzera littorea (W. et Arn.) Jack. Griting, Teruntum (Malay); 
(Lumnitzera coccinea W. et Arn.) Tabao, Culasi, Saga-sa, Cari- 
furgy, Papasil, Panting-pan- 
ting, Calapini, Agnaya, Cola- 
siman, Anilay, Daluru babae, 
Libato (Phil.). 
From Malacca, through the Malay Archipelago and the Phi- 
lippine Islands, to North Australia and Polynesia. 
This forms tall trees in the interior of the mangrove or 
small trees or shrubs where the conditions of growth are less 
favorable. The bark is black and fissured, like that of Xy/ocar- 
pus Granatum for which species it is sometimes mistaken. The 
things which readily distinguish this species are the knee roots, 
the scarlet flowers and the simple leaves. Like Xy/ocarpus Gra- 
watum, this species is used for piling with the bark on. It is 
usually considered in Borneo as second only to billian (Husi- 
deroxylon Zwageri T. et B.) for this purpose. Under the name 
