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nitzera but are opposite. Bark brown, finely fissured. Wood 
dark brown, hard and heavy, used for firewood. 
Fam. ACANTHACEAE. 
Acanthus ilicifolius L. Doloario (Phil.), Jeruju (Malay). 
Tropical Africa, Asia and Polynesia. 
On muddy banks at the edge of streams in the swamp or 
forming an undergrowth. Sometimes prop-rooted like &é/zz0- 
phora. Small shrubs which are of no use. 
A number of other species occur ordinarily on the edge of 
the swamp and sometimes penetrate it for a short distance. 
Among these are Cumingia philippinensis Vid., Pacoecaria Agat- 
locha L.; Pemphis acidula Forst., Paritium tiliaceum (L.) Juss. 
(AMibiscus tiliaceus L.), Cerbera Odollam L., the Melastomataceous 
shrub Ochthocharis javanica Bl., Dolichandrone spathaeea (L. f.) 
K. Sch. (Dolichandrone Rheedii Seem.), Brownlowia spp., Heritiera 
Attorals Dry., Pongamia glabra Vent., Barringtonia spp., Osbornia 
octodonta F. y. Miill., and the coarse fern Acrostichum aureum L. 
Aegiaitis annulala R. Br. is given by Kurz as one of the con- 
stituents of the mangrove of India; but, it seems generally to 
belong to drier habitats on the beach. Various vines: /vagel- 
laria indica L., Derris uligincsa Benth., Mucuna sp. etc. are 
found iiuiag: over the mangrove trees ai places in the swamp. 
Epiphytic ferns and orchids are also found growing with luxu- 
riance in the swamp. 
Distribution of species within the swamp. 
Karsten (Ueber die Mangrove-Vegetation im Malayischen- 
Archipel, p. 6), indicates pretty definitely the order in which 
the different species are found. —- “Bei genauerer Bekannt- 
schaft mit der Mangrove fallen unter den einzelnen Mitgliedern 
derselben doch gewisse Unterschiede in der Auswahl des Stand- 
ortes auf. Man findet die beiden Ré/izop/ora-Arten mit Ceriops 
Candolleana, Sonneratia alba, Carapa moluccensis, Lummitzera, 
Bruguiera caryophylloides und Aegiceras majus in der Regel 
