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Borneo, I was told by the natives that tengah (Ceriops) was 
only to be found at or near the “kuala” or river-mouth. Both 
species of the genus seem to occur near the mouth of the 
stream. So far as my experience goes, this is, with the excep- 
tion of Sonneratia Pagatpat, the first of the mangrove-trees to 
disappear as one goes up the stream. 
In the mangrove-swamps of best development, which I have 
seen along the’ rivers of western Borneo, the order of occur- 
rence of the species is as follows: —- Toward the river-mouth 
are some trees of Sonneratia Pagatpat and Ceriops. Next, exten- 
ding along the edge of the stream for considerable distances, 
are the two species of Ahizophora, forming a narrow fringe. 
Just back of these are Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and eriopetala. Back 
of these two comes a remarkably even stand of Bruguiera par- 
vifora, forming a very large part of the interior of the swamp. 
Here and there, at the edges of the Bruguiera parviflora, and 
mixed with it, are tall trees of Lumnitzera littorea and occa- 
sional low trees of Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. There are also, 
scattered here and there, occasional tall palms, mostly Oxco- 
sperma filamentosa, with an occasional sago (Metroxylon Rumphii). 
At some distance from the coast the stream is edged with 
Sonneratia acida, with now and then Mipa fruticans, Aegiceras 
corniculatum and Avicennia officinalis. Wherever the &hizophora 
has been cut over, its place is taken by 4vicennia. 
On the east coast of Borneo, at the mouths of the Boe- 
loengean, Sembakong, Sibuko, and Sesajap Rivers, there are 
numerous places where ipa forms the outer edge of the 
swamp. At some places in this section, the Mpa is fronted by 
a tall fringe of Avicennia-trees. In other places, for miles, 
the Mia is fronted by Sonneratia acida. At still other places 
the front line of the swamp for some miles is formed by tall 
Shrubs of 4egiceras corniculalum, backed by Avicennia, Bruguiera 
and Lhizophora of good size. 
- On the westside of the island of Sebattik, there is a swamp 
made up of large sized Rhizophora, Bruguiera and Ceriops, all 
of which come out to the edge of the swamp, with Bruguiera 
