The Zoologist — September, 1866. 367 



an angle before the wings. The back, shoulders and scapulars deep 

 brown, the edges wood-brown or lawny. Rump and tail-coverts white. 

 Tail white, deeply banded at end with black-brown ; tips pale ; first 

 feather pure white, seldom with dark at the end. Upper coverts of 

 secondaries deep brown, with pale tips ; the lower coverts of second- 

 aries chiefly blue-gray ; some are marked with brown. Under surface: 

 ■ — Yellowish white. Bill gray, flesh at base, dark tip. Feet earthy 

 flesh. (In collection.) 



No. 4. Link 2. First Atitttmn Moult. — Begins in August, and is 

 complete in September or October. Some of the back and scapular 

 feathers change by transmutation, the greater part by moult. In this 

 stage the back, shoulders and scapulars are mixed with new blue-gray 

 feathers, and the head with white ; the band at base of neck is also 

 falling off". (In collection.) 



No. 5. First Winter. November. Upper surface :— Head and 

 neck white, concealed parts of head-feathers gray or brownish ; ear- 

 spot and that before eye black. Back, shoulders and scapulars pale 

 blue-gray. Rump and tail-coverts white; tail unchanged. Margin of 

 wing white, and primary coverts and bastard wing white, marked with 

 black and gray. Upper coverts of secondaries the same as in No. 3, 

 but worn very pale at the edges, the centres still deep brown ; tertials 

 and some of the secondaries brown, with the edges pale ; these form 

 the brown band from the carpal joint across the wing to the tertials ; 

 the lower secondary coverts generally as the back. Under surface 

 pure white. Feet dull flesh-colour. Bill flesh-colour at base, dark tip. 

 The primary quills vary more or less ; they are never tipped with a 

 white spot. Type of the Primary Quills. — No. 1. Shaft white, except 

 a quarter of an inch at end brown, both filaments for half an 

 inch at tip brown ; greater filament white, well bordered with black 

 all its length ; lesser filaments all black, except along the shaft a 

 narrow line of white widening towards tip. No. 2. Top of shaft and 

 filaments brown, deeper in extent than in No. 1 ; dark bordering of 

 greater filament much wider ; the white edge to shaft of lesser fila- 

 ment is much wider and usurps the whole of filaments towards base 

 of quill. No. 3. A deeper brown tip and a still deeper band to greater 

 filament ; the white usurps more of the lesser filament. No. 4. The 

 same, a greater usurpation. Nos. 5 and 6. The white usurps much of 

 lesser filament and grows blue, brown nearly occupying all greater 

 filament. No. 7. In the lesser filament the white has turned blue, 

 only bordered for a very short distance with dark, all greater filament 



