1020 The Zoologist — December, 1867. 



characters it agreed with Erichson's insect. The species was especially remarkable by 

 the lobate dorsal ridge of the ahdomeD, and by the greatly dilated and compressed 

 posterior tibia?, resembling the pollen -bearing organs of a Bombus. 



Mr. M'Lachlan exhibited, on behalf of Mr. B. Cooke, two examples of gynandro- 

 morphism. Tbe first, a sawfly, Dolerus madidus of King, the left-hand side presenting 

 male characters, the right side female characters. The second, a Trichopterous insect, 

 Limnephilus striola of Kolenati, in which the palpus, antenna and wing on the right- 

 hand side were of the male form and on the left side of female form, whilst the 

 abdomen was wholly female : this specimen was captured by Mr. Cooke near 

 Manchester. 



Mr. M'Lachlan also exhibited two monstrosities, both sawflies, which he had 

 received from Prof. Zeller. One was an example of the rare European species, Hylo- 

 toma fasciata of St. Fargeau, in which the left posterior tibia was two-jointed, the 

 second joint being greatly dilated. The other, a specimen of Tenthredo scalaris of 

 King, with five wings, three on the right side, the anterior and posterior being perfectly 

 normal, whilst the intermediate one combined the neural characters of both. 



Mr. Bond exhibited three recent additions to the list of British Lepidoptera, 

 rjamely, Psyche crassiorella, Bruand, Grapholitha ravulana, H.-S. (exhibited at a 

 previous Meeting, but theu unnamed), and Coccyx vernana, Knaggs (Ent. Mo. Mag. 

 vol. iv. p. 122). 



Mr. T. VV. Wood (who was present as a visitor) exhibited a number of pupa? of 

 Papilio Machaon, Pieris Brassicse and P. Rapte, exhibiting various shades of colour 

 corresponding with the colours of the surfaces to which they were attached ; and read 

 the following 



Remarks on the Coloration of Chrysalides. 



" All Lepidopterists are probably aware of the very great variability in the colouring 

 of the chrysalides of butterflies, and I am able to state, as the result of some years of 

 observation, that their colours are more or less derived from the objects in their im- 

 mediate vicinity. It is obvious that this assimilation of their colours to their sur- 

 roundings is of great use to them, tending to their concealment and consequent im- 

 munity from the attacks of enemies during their period of exposure in a helpless state. 

 Tbe specimens of chrysalides on surfaces of different colours which I now exhibit are, 

 I trust, sufficient to convince you of the truth of this statement. I find, as the result 

 of my experiments, that the skin of the chrysalis is photographically sensitive for a 

 few hours only after the caterpillar's skin has been shed, and, as might be expected, 

 by pulling the specimens in the sunshine at the time of changing, and surrounding 

 them as much as possible with any desired colour, the most successful results have 

 been obtained. Under these conditions the specific markings are almost entirely over- 

 powered if necessary to the assimilation of colour; and these markings are, in fact, 

 entirely overpowered in the exhibited green varieties of Papilio Machaon and Pieris 

 Rapas. I have not had an opportunity of seeing the former species in its natural 

 haunts, but the latter I have observed, and have found the green variety of the chrysalis 

 on a green leaf, and on a door which was painted green (specimen shown). There are 

 also before you green specimens of Pieris Brassicoe which were under a vine on the 

 side of a house which was of a stone-colour, with many others taken from the adjoining 

 side of the same house, where there was no vine to affect their colour, but only the 



