S 
Insects. 9071 
pupa gradually acquires a gray tint, and the eyes become black; at 
last all the colours of the imago begin to make their appearance. 
The first brood, and, if a third is to follow, the second require but a 
short time, two or three weeks being sufficient, to pass from the larval 
through the pupa state, and to appear as the perfect insect, but the 
last brood remains shut up in the pupa-case all through the winter, at 
least up to the end of March, sometimes till April or even into May. 
With me Athalia spinarum once made its appearance on or just before 
the 29th of March, and on another occasion not until the 26th of May: 
I am quite unable to account for this difference. 
This insect and Athalia Rose, Z., are the only representatives 
occurring in this country of the genus Athalia, which appears, more- 
over, to be not very rich in species; its characteristics are as follows: 
—Sawflies having antenne of from ten to eleven joints, becoming 
somewhat thicker towards the end; anterior wings with two marginal 
and four submarginal cells; the recurrent nervures joining the second 
and third submarginal; the anterior portion of the anal cell obliquely 
divided ; the posterior wings with two middle cells. 
The perfect insect may be described as follows :—The female is 
generally 8 centimetres long, expanding to 17 centimetres; the male 
usually not more than 6 centimetres, and is, more especially as regards 
the abdomen, much more attenuated. The general colour of the body 
is a clear orange or deep yellow. The head, seen from above, is 
broad quadrangular, the angles rounded, viewed from the front more 
.triangular, black with a gray silky pubescence, more especially above 
and below the trophi. The antenne have ten joints in the male and 
eleven in the female, and are more or less clavate; that is to say, they 
become broader towards the end. They are black on the upper sur- 
face, the last joint (and in the female the first also) being likewise of 
that colour, the middle ones being pale gray or even white; in the 
male the first two joints of the antenne are mostly white or yellow on 
the under surface and at the sides. The last two joints have evidently 
proceeded from the division of the normal terminal joint (it must be 
remembered that the large family of Tenthredo, K/ug, of which Athalia 
of Leach is really but a section, has nine joints in the antenne). The 
parts of the mouth are white or very pale yellow. The upper lip 
(fig. 8 a) is broadly quadrate, the anterior angles truncate; the man- 
dibles or upper jaws are triangular, having at the end, which is curved, 
a chestnut-brown hook, and below this on the inner side a rounded 
tooth (fig. 8 5); the lower jaws or maxille consist of_two lobes (fig. 8 c) 
and have each a long six-jointed palpus, the first joint small, the others 
