Jan. 25, 1872] 



NATURE 



2. 7 



viz., a^ Cynomorpha (with ischial callosities), and b^ An- 

 thropomorpha. In this last the author recognises with 

 certainty as distinct the genera Hylobates or Gibbons, 

 Pithecus or Orang, and Troglodytes or Chimpanzee, and 

 is inclined to separate Gorilla as a fourth genus. 



Fig 5. — A diagram intended to show the manner in which the aortic arches 

 become modified in the series of the Vertebrata. 



A. A hy-potheticalty perfect series of aortic arche.i, corresponding with the nine 

 postoral visceral arches^ of which evidence is to be found in some Sharks 

 Sisid Marsipobra/ichii A.C. Cardiac aorta ; A.D. Dorsal or subvertebral 

 aorta. I. — IX. the aortic arches, corresponding with Mu., the mandibular ; 

 Hy., the hyoidean, and Br.i — Br.-j, the seven branchial visceral arches. 

 I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII., the seven branchial zXchs. The first visceral c\e^ix. 

 is left unnumbered, and one must be added to the number of each branchial 

 cleft to give its number in the series of visceral clefts. 



B. Hypothetical diagram of the aortic arches of the shark Heptayichus^ 

 which has seven branchial clefts. Sp. The remains of the first visceral 

 cleft as the spiracle. Branchia: are developed on all the arches. 



C. Lepidosiren — The first arch has disappeared as such, and the first 

 visceral cleft is obliterated. Internal branchias are developed in connection 

 with the second, fifth, sixth, and seventh aortic arches ; external branchise 

 in connection with the fourth, fifth, and sixth. P,A. the pulmonary artery. 

 The posterior two visceral clefts are obliterated. 



D. A Teleostean Fish. — The first aortic arch and first visceral cleft are 

 obliterated, as before. The second aortic arch bears the pseudo-branchia 



{Ps. B.). whence issues the ophthaln 



gland (Ck.). The next four a'ches 

 arches have been observed in the e 

 eluded clefts are absent in the adult. 



E. The Axolotl {Siredon), a perennibranchiate amphibian. The third, 

 fourth, fifth, and sixth aortic arches, and the anterior four branchial clefts, 

 persist. The first visceral cleft is obliterated. 



" "" ' rtic arches are obliterated in the adult. 



nected with the anterior external gill in 



carotid and the re^e mirabile 



. Te fourth pair of aortic arches 



connection with the sub- 



of the cutaneous and pul- 



nes the tympanum, but all 



F. The Frog —The thn 

 The place of the third, which is CO 

 the Tadpole, is occupied bv the 

 (carotid gland, Ca,G) which t 

 persi';t The fi'lh and sixth pair lose ihei 

 vertebral aortic trunk, and become the roo 

 monary arteries. The first visceral cleft beci 

 the others are obliterated in the adult. 



An interesting synopsis is given of the anatomical pe- 

 culiarities of these animals, and of the circumstances in 

 which they most differ from, or resemble, man. Among 

 these the author has inadvertently overstated the propor- 



tion of thevolume of the brain of the orang and chimpanzcj 

 to that of man, when he rates it at abotit half the minimum 

 size of the normal human brain. Tak'n,j thirty-three 

 ounces as the lowest weight of the Litter consistent with a 

 natural condition in the adult male, the brain of the orang 

 and chimpanzee may be stated at a third of that weight. 



At p. 4S7 this subject is summed up ai follows : — " Of 

 the four genera of the Anlhropomorpha, the gibbons are 

 obviously most remote from man, and nearest to the 

 Cynopithecini. 



"The orangs come neatest to man in the number of 

 the ribs, the form of the cerebral hemispheres, the dimi- 

 nution of the occipito-temporal sulcus of the brain, and the 

 ossified styloid process ; but they differ from him much 

 more widely in other respects, and especially in the limbs, 

 than the gorilla and chimparzee do. 



"The chimpanzee approaches man most closely in the 

 character of its cranium, its dentition, and the proportional 

 size of the arms. 



" The gorilla, on the other hand, is more man-like in 

 the proportions of the leg to the body, and of the foot to 



Fig. 6.— a, the stomach of a Sheep. B, that of a Musk-deer (Tragiilus). 

 (T, oesophagus: Rk , rumen: Ret., reticulum; Ps.^ psalterium ; A.,Ab 

 abom-asum ; Du., duodenum : Py., pylorus. 



the hand ; further, in the size of the heel, the curvature 

 of the spine, the form of the pelvis, and the absolute ca- 

 pacity of the cranium." 



The work is concluded with a brief statement of the 

 characteristics of the human organisation. Among these 

 the superior size of the head of the male infant at b rth 

 might perhaps have received a more prominent place. 

 The short statement of variations in structure connected 

 with difference of race is of peculiar interest. The various 

 races of mankind are placed in two groups according to 

 the character of the hair, viz , a, the Ulotrichi (crisp or 

 woolly-haired), who are almost all dolichocephali, and b, 

 Leiotrichi (straight-haired), who are distributed in four 

 sets, viz., I, Australioid, 2, Mongoloid, 3, Xanthochroic, 

 or blue-eyed whites, and 4. Melanochroic, or dark whites. 



It will now be proper to place before the reader some 

 illustrations, taken from the " Manual,'' of Prof. Huxley's 

 mode of treatment of individual topics. 



The first of these which is selected (Fig. i) relates to the 

 intricate but deeply interesting subject of the homology of 

 the OS quadratu}n of birds and reptiles, a bone which was 



