310 THE ZOOLOGIST. 
represented. In other species, where the endosarcal cord appears 
more solid than in Zoobotryon, careful examination will sometimes 
show that it consists of various threads. On the funiculus, which 
is a part of the endosarc, the spermary is developed, and also, in 
a large proportion of cases if not universally, both the ovary and 
polypide. 
Mr. Hincks devotes some space to a discussion of Joliet’s 
views on this question, and to observations made prior to Joliet’s 
discovery, some of which, he considers, render further examination 
necessary in a large number of species. This structure must now 
be considered of primary importance. 
Mr. Hincks has adopted a much modified classification, which 
will certainly be hailed as a great improvement on the previous 
arrangement of the British forms. The first attempt at a general 
classification was made by d’Orbigny, and the plan was undoubtedly 
very good; but it was badly worked out, and genera and species 
were manufactured wholesale, often on very insufficient grounds, 
and, on account of the great difficulty thus needlessly introduced by 
d’Orbigny, his system has received less attention than it deserves. 
The mode of growth was not made a family characteristic, but in 
the generic divisions he often indicated the manner in which 
a colony grew by an affix or suffix; thus he had Flustra, 
Flustrella, Flustrellaria, Flustrina, Reptoflustra, and nine other 
genera derived from F'lustra ; and on mastering one group we 
recognise the mode of growth from the name, as Eschara, 
Reptescharella, Semieschara ; Eschara being erect, and consisting 
of two layers ; Reptescharella adnate, and Semieschara consisting 
of only one layer. In most groups of animals such an arrange- 
ment would have little to recommend it; but in Bryozoa, whatever 
characters are taken for classification, forms with many common 
characters crop up in widely divergent genera; in fact, we may 
say the genera form an anastomosing network in any classification 
at present possible. 
Johnstone employed a simple classification, which Busk some- 
what modified when he wrote his Catalogue of the Polyzoa in the 
British Museum, and undertook the investigation of the Cray 
Polyzoa. In these the grouping is based principally upon the mode 
of growth ; so that, for instance, a vast variety of forms with little 
in common, except the fact that they were incrusted on stones or 
seaweeds, were classed as Lepralia. We must not, however, forget 
