148 THE ZOOLOGIST. 
and their broken bones would bear traces of his violence.* But 
this is not the case; whilst in England the long bones have 
often been found broken in such a manner as to indicate that 
they were split by man for the sake of the marrow which they 
contained. 
Such are a few of the most remarkable animals which lived and 
died on British soil during what may be styled a period insignificant 
in duration as compared with the antiquity of the zons which 
preceded. It is not the object of the writer to deal with the details 
from which the various periods have been differentiated ; but, in 
conclusion, the reader is invited to realise the belief, founded on a 
study of the phenomena as deciphered by such geologists as Lyell, 
Ramsey, Forbes, and others, that the intervals of time, both before 
and after the junction and separation of the British Islands and 
the European Continent, embrace four distinct periods. These may 
be set down as follows :— 
Period 1.—A general continental land, when the British area 
was a continuous portion of Western Europe. 
Period I1.—A submergence by which the land north of London 
and the Thames, and Bristol with Ireland, was reduced to an 
archipelago of frozen islands. 
Period I1].—When the sea-bed rose again, and the land equalled 
if not exceeded in extent that of the first period; the physical 
outline, as far as the mountains and rivers are concerned, being at 
first much the same as at present, only that the land rose higher 
above the sea, until the cold or glacial period, when the land first 
sank, and then was re-elevated, when the climate, still rigorous, 
gradually became milder, and the animals, many of which had 
* The statement made by Mr. Betham in ‘ The Field’ of the 25th December, 1876, 
regarding the discovery of a flint arrow-head in the rib of an Irish Elk, would, of 
course, at once settle the point atissue. It is not, however, by any means the only 
asserted instance known to the writer; but unfortunately the objects have not been 
preserved, whilst all so-called examples hitherto subjected to the critical inspection 
of comparative anatomists have been proven to be the result of injuries or disease, 
not inflicted or caused directly by human agency. The natural historian, therefore, 
is bound to be careful in accepting evidence, unless authenticated by competent 
authorities, or the presence of the objects themselves. A rib of an Irish Elk with a 
hole through it is figured in Owen’s ‘ British Fossil Mammals.’ This may have been 
done by man, but the chances are that the injury was caused by the point of an 
antler of an antagonist.—d. L. A. 
