874 THE ZOOLOGIST. 
third bed, found forty feet apart, in two distinct but adjacent 
galleries, and one a month before the other, proved to be parts of 
one and same nodule-tool; and I have little or no doubt that it had 
been washed out of the fourth bed and re-deposited in the third. The 
hammer-stone was a quartzite pebble, found in the upper portion 
of the fourth bed, and‘bore distinct marks of the use to which it was 
applied. Speaking of the discovery of the tools just mentioned, 
Mr. Prestwich said in 1859 :—“ It was not until I had myself wit- 
nessed the conditions under which flint implements had been found 
at Brixham, that I became fully impressed with the validity of the 
doubts thrown upon the previously prevailing opinions with respect 
to such remains in caves” (Phil. Trans. 1860, p. 280); and according 
to Sir C. Lyell, writing in 1863:—“ A sudden change of opinion 
was brought about in England respecting the probable co-existence, 
at a former period, of man and many extinct mammalia, in conse- 
quence of the results obtained from the careful exploration of a 
cave at Brixham. . . . The new views very generally adopted by 
English geologists had no small influence on the subsequent 
progress of opinion in France” (Antiquity of Man, pp. 96, 97). 
Bench Cavern.—Early in 1861 information was bronght me that 
an ossiferous cave had just been discovered at Brixham, and, on 
visiting the spot, I found that, of the limestone quarries worked from 
time to time in the northern slope of Furzeham Hill, one known 
as Bench Quarry, about halfa mile due north of Windmill Hill 
Cavern, and almost overhanging Torbay, had been abandoned 
in 1889, and that work had been recently resumed in it. It 
appeared that in 1839 the workmen had laid bare the greater part 
of a vertical dyke, composed of red clayey loam and angular pieces 
of limestone, forming a coherent wall-like mass, 27 feet high, 12 feet 
long, 2 feet in greatest thickness, and at its base 123 feet above sea- 
level. In the face of it lay several fine relics of the ordinary cave 
mammals, including an entire left lower jaw of Hyena spelea 
replete with teeth, but which had nevertheless failed to arrest the 
attention of the incurious workmen who exposed it, or of any one 
else. Soon after the resumption of the work in 1861, the remnant 
of the outer wall of the fissure was removed, and caused the fall of 
an incoherent part of the dyke, which it had previously supported. 
Amongst the débris the workmen collected some hundreds of speci- 
mens of skulls, jaws, teeth, vertebra, portions of antlers, and bones, 
but no indications of man. Mr. Wolston, the proprietor, sent some 
