364 THE ZOOLOGIST. 
hills, he at once applied the cognomen of “gill” and “dale” to the 
smaller and larger valleys, which the English had been content to 
know by the name of the river or stream. 
There is one more point worthy of mention. The English, 
or Angles, settled in the whole dale; whereas the Norseman, and, 
at a later date, the Dane, obtained a footing here and there. 
Thus “ Angram,” at the Dale head, is a Norwegian settlement 
(O.N. Angrum, dat. plu. of Angr, either a man’s name or “the 
bay: these datives, of which we have no English equivalent, have 
the force of “in” the place). Here we have the words “‘thwaite,” 
and “laith” or “lathe,” for shed (O. N. hlada, a barn) :— 
‘““ Why ne had thou put the capel in the lathe.” 
Cuaucer, ‘ Canterbury Tales,’ v. 4086. 
On the next farm, Lodge, an Anglian settlement, all the sheds 
are called “barns,” an Anglo-Saxon word which prevails all the 
way down the valley to Stean Beck, at which stream we again find 
the word “laith.” At Stean the word “shipn” is used (A.S8. 
scypen, a stall, stable) :— 
“The shepen burning with the blacké smoke.” 
Cuavcer, ‘ Canterbury Tales,’ vy. 2002. 
The words “with” (O. N. vidr, a wood) and “royd” (O.N. 
rjédr, a clearing in a wood), so common south of the Wharfe and 
to the east of Nidderdale, do not occur in the dale. “Firth,” a 
wood, is common over the watershed to the east, but does not 
occur in the upper parts of the dale. An extensive swamp on the 
moors near Meughar Hill is called ‘Great Wham,” 1750 feet 
(O.N. hvammr, a swamp) It possesses a rich flora; also “Sand- 
with Wham,” on the moors to the east of Nidderdale. The branch 
of a stream is called the “ grain” or “ granes” (on the moors), as 
“ Agill Granes” (O. N. grein, Dan. green, a branch). One of the 
oaks below the High Scar, Bak’stone Gill, being split upwards as 
far as the branches by a landslip upon the edge of which it grew, 
was said to be “‘roven up to the grain.” This point is also called 
the “brawn.” 
The pronunciation of the old French word “ pasture” (pastoor) 
is well preserved in the upper part of the dale, while the pre- 
servation of the names of “ Haver Close” (Danish haver, oats, 
French clos) and “Hasel Close”; as well as of arran, a spider (old 
French araigne); “ Heronshaw,” “Heronsew” (old French Heron- 
geau, a Heron); “‘Fromarty” (old French fromentée, sodden 
