LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SUSSEX. 123 
also in the neighbourhood of Chichester (J), Brighton (M), and 
Eastbourne (G). The young have their shells encrusted with earth 
or the spores of lichens and mosses, in the same way as Bulimus 
obscurus ; and even adult specimens have occasionally a similar 
covering. From this circumstance Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys is of opinion 
that the coat is not made purposely by the animal, as suggested by 
the Rev. Revett Sheppard, but is involuntarily caused by the 
accidental adhesion of extraneous matter to the outer surface of the 
shell, by means of the slime, or a glutinous film which exudes 
from or invests the epidermis. The species of the genus Pupa 
are all of small size and gregarious habits. Besides their variation 
in size and colour, they may be distinguished by the curious 
processes called “teeth,” which fence in and contract the mouth 
of the shell. 
Pupa umbilicata, vel cylindracea. The Umbilicated Chrysalis 
Shell.— Common on the downs under stones, and on old walls 
under grass-roots and moss. Found also among dead leaves and 
beneath the bark of trees. Very common in the neighbourhood of 
Lewes on old walls and under chalk-stones. 
Pupa marginata, vel muscorum. The Margined Chrysalis 
Shell.—Found on similar situations to the last-named and on tiled 
roofs of old buildings.—W. 
Vertigo antivertigo. The Marsh Whorl Shell.—Rare or local. 
Under stones in the level near Newtimber.—B. Near East- 
bourne.—G. By the side of a ditch in the level near Lewes.—U. 
Mr. Unwin includes it in his list under the name palustris, 
under which name it is also included amongst the shells found in 
the vicinity of Brighton—M. The eight or nine species which 
compose the genus Vertigo are closely allied to Pupa, of which 
they are but miniature forms, and of similar habits. The chief 
difference is to be found rather in the animal than in the shell, 
the inhabitant of which has two tentacles instead of four, as in 
Pupa. 
Vertigo pygmea. The Dwarf Whorl Shell.—Rare. Under old 
bark fallen from larch rails at Cowfold, near Horsham.—B. At 
Uppark.—W. At the roots of moss and grass on the eastern bank 
of Ashcombe Plantation, Lewes.—U. In the neighbourhood of 
Brighton.— M. 
Vertiyo edentula. The ‘Toothless Whorl Shell. — Occurs 
sparingly at Cowfold amongst dead leaves, and at Lindfield on 
