274 THE ZOOLOGIST. 
numbers of the bones of this animal in what are probably the 
remains of a Stone Age lake-dwelling at Crowland. At the great 
flint implement manufactory at Grimes Graves, near Brandon, the 
remains of this animal are very plentiful, and belong chiefly to very 
young calves. It would appear from this that a principal element 
in the food of these people was milk, and therefore they could not 
afford to keep the calves, which must have consumed a large 
portion of what would otherwise have been available for the use of 
the household.* 
Bos primigenius, the gigantic ox called Urus by Cesar, was a 
grand animal, readily distinguished from the other species by its 
massive build and larger bones. ‘The fossil remains of the wild 
animal are found in British paleolithic deposits, but not in 
neolithic.t It was, however, domesticated during the late neolithic 
age in Switzerland and Italy, and co-existed with the smaller 
Bos longifrons. \t was re-introduced into Eugland about a. p. 449, 
and eventually took the place of the smaller species, except in 
those parts of the country which, from their mountainous character, 
afforded shelter to the oppressed Britons.{ The Urus seems to 
have become wild in Britain, and from this species the few herds 
of wild white cattle which still live in a semi-wild state are 
descended. Gilpin says, “‘ We cannot positively fix the time when 
these creatures ceased to exist in this island in a state of freedom; 
but we can at least say that they did so exist within three hundred 
years.”§ Herds of this breed are recorded to have existed in 
a semi-wild state at Kincardine, Stirling, Cumbernauld (Dum- 
bartonshire), Cadzow (Lanarkshire), Drumlanrig (Dumfriesshire), 
Chillingham (Northumberland), Bishop Auckland (Durham), Burton 
Constable and Gisburne (Yorkshire), Lyme (Cheshire), Chartley 
(Staffordshire), and Wollaton (Nottingham). Those at Burton 
Constable were all destroyed by a distemper.|| When Bewick 
published his ‘ History of Quadrupeds,’ at the close of the last 
century, he was enabled to show that only five herds then existed, 
namely, those at Chillingham,Wollaton, Gisburne-in-Craven, Lyme, 
* Greenwell, “ Grimes Graves,” Journ. Eth. Soe., vol. ii., p. 481 (1871). 
+ A magnificent articulated skeleton of Bos primigenius, found in Burwell Fen, is 
preserved in the Zoological Museum at Cambridge, where may also be seen the 
greater portion of a skull of another specimen, in which a stone celt was found and 
still remains imbedded. 
t Skertehly, ‘ Fenland, Past and Present,’ p. 344. 
s ‘Forest Scenery,’ Lauder’s edition, 1834, vol. ii., p, 281. || Id., p. 283. 
