5094 THE Zoo.oGist—OcToBER, 1876. 
Simple volition accompanied by action and preceded by an_ 
imagined purpose. 
This action, being resisted by the external world, ideas are 
Sormed of this resistance in order to overcome it. 
Action repeated meets with resistance as before. The idea 
previously formed, to account for this resistance, suggests 
itself, and a perception is made. 
It becomes more easy to repeat the same action than to try fresh 
ones to which unforeseen resistances occur; hence habit 
ts made. 
Habit, or the will, or perhaps habit and the will, modifies the 
body for the belter performance of certain actions; hence 
organization. 
Offspring inherit this organization. Their intelligence is con- 
ditioned to flow more readily in the same actions as that 
of their parents; hence instincts or other hereditary mental 
Saculties. 
Thus far human and brute intelligence seem to run parallel. 
Then come the following conditions, wherein man’s intelligence 
seems to have got quite beyond that of the brute :— 
The increase of the powers by the use of implements. 
The communication of information and the lessons of experience 
by articulate language. 
The consideration of his own mental state with a yiew to 
improving it; hence reflection. 
Animals can be arranged, according to their structures and most 
essential characters, so as to form a more or less perfect genea- 
logical tree. ‘This suggests one of two conclusions: either the 
arrangement represents the successive steps of idea or invention 
by which they were created; or that all the different species 
have in reality the consanguinity which this classification appears 
to indicate. 
One of the simplest forms of animal life presents itself as a little 
jelly-like mass, which, to quote Professor Huxley, “ possesses all 
the essential qualities and characters of vitality; it is produced 
from a body like itself; it is capable of assimilating nourishment, 
and of exerting movements.” It has no definite organs or parts; 
