5096 THE ZooLocist—OcToBER, 1876. 
appropriated by the sponge particles lining the passages, in just. 
the same way as any one of the Rhizopoda appropriate the 
particles of food it finds in water to itself. So that we must not 
compare this system of apertures and canals to so many mouths 
and intestines; but the sponge represents a kind of subaqueous 
city, where the people are arranged about the streets and roads in 
such a manner that each can easily appropriate his food from the 
water as it passes along.” 
In animals higher in the scale of life, when a nervous system 
has been evolved, this republican form of individuality soon ceases 
to exist. In communities of animals which have one economy, 
such as exists in a hive of bees, the individuality of the separate 
members is sufficiently evident. Thus, one solution of the difficulty 
which presents itself is, that through the nervous system a central 
government is established, to the individuality of which all the rest 
of the organization of cells is subservient. 
All action is not the result of intelligence. The heart beats, the 
watch ticks, without our considering either as signs of intelligence, 
because they continue their actions regardless of external circum- 
stances which do not immediately affect them. If we saw them 
forecast and alter their actions to suit coming events we should 
attribute the quality to them. If we conceive of a being under- 
standing the working of a piece. of machinery, we should allow 
intelligence to it. To understand is in reality to translate the 
principles involved into the principles of the actions of the under- 
standing one. So far, intelligence will stand for a power of a being 
to see the relation of external things to its own powers and 
purposes. Again, if a being formed an intention or purpose, we 
must allow it intelligence. Or if it considered its own purposes in 
relation to its circumstances, chose some to encourage in pre- 
ference to others, or formed fresh ones, intelligence would be 
manifested. Is intelligence, then, the power of creating ideas— 
the imagination ? 
We concede to the man who does difficult and responsible 
things, requiring at the same time great imaginative power, more 
intelligence than to him who, whilst giving evidence of equal 
power of creating ideas, is not capable of producing successful 
actions of equal difficulty. Is it not, then, the power to perceive 
truth? and, as practically manifested, the power to perceive the 
relation of external things to its purpose, and wice versd. 
