NA TURE 



[June 30, 1904 



almost to 2000 metres, to the east of the Hardangerfjord. 

 On the underlying granite rests a phyllite series, containing 

 at the base black schists with Dictyoneina flahellifonnc . 

 giving the series a place within the Upper Cambrian and 

 Lower Silurian. But above this phyllite, and perhaps con- 

 cordantly, rest nietamorphic schists, beginning with 

 quartzite beneath and ending in a coarse, typical gneiss. 

 Some geologists are inclined to think this inversion due to 

 an immense overthrust. The boundary between the granite 

 and the phyllite is very level, and Mr. Rekstad suggests 

 the surface of the granite to be an Archaean or Cambrian 

 peneplain. The paper is accompanied by a coloured map 

 of the region. 



In the last paper Mr. Rekstad shows that the upper limit of 

 the mountain forests has of late subsided 300 to 400 metres 

 in southern Norway, pointing to a decrease in temperature 

 of 2-1° to 24° C. In the time of mild climate glaciers 

 must have been almost absent. He places this time to the 

 age of the tapes-banks, when the land had performed about 

 four-tifths of its total upheaval since the close of the Glacial 

 period. 



The papers are all illustrated by photographs and 

 diagrams. I'hey are written in Norwegian, but each is 

 accompanied by a summary in English. A. D. 



UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 

 INTELLIGENCE. 



Oxford. — At the Encaenia on June 22, the honorary 

 degree of D.Sc. was conferred upon the following ; — The 

 Hon. C. A. Parsons, Mr. Marconi, Sir William S. Church, 

 Sir Andrew Noble, Sir William Crookes, Sir David Gill, 

 Sir John Murray, Prof. Alfred .Marshall, Prof. J. J. 

 Thomson, Prof. Horace Lamb, Prof. A. R. Forsyth, Prof. 

 J. Dewar, and Prof. J. Larmor. 



Cambridge. — In the natural sciences tripos forty-five men 

 and one woman have gained first classes in part i. ; thirteen 

 men and three women have gained first classes in part ii. 



The Raymond Horton-Smith prize, for the best M.D. 

 thesis of the year, has been awarded to Dr. F. A. Bain- 

 bridge, Trinity. Dr. B. N. Tebbs, Queens', receives 

 honourable mention. 



The Harkness studentship in geology has been awarded 

 10 Mr. O. T. Jones, Trinity. 



Dr. H. B. Roderick, Emmanuel, has been appointed 

 detnonstrator of surgery. 



The Frank Smart studentship of 100/. a year for research 

 in botany will be filled up in July. Applications must be 

 sent to the Vice-Chancellor by July 13. 



The degree of doctor of science was conferred on Prof. 

 C. S. Sherrington, F.R.S., at the congregation on June 18. 



The Wiltshire prize for geology and mineralogy is divided 

 between H. A. Wootton, Clare, and J. A. Crowther, St. 

 John's. 



The Hockin prize for physics at St. John's is also divided, 

 between S. H. Phillips and J. A. Crowther. 



The Hutchinson studentship for research in physics is 

 awarded to E. Gold, bracketed third wrangler 1903. 



Mr. W. G. Fearnsides (natural sciences tripos, 1900) has 

 been elected a fellow, and Dr. E. H. Griffiths, F.R.S., 

 principal of Cardiff University College, has been elected an 

 honorary fellow, of Sidney Sussex College. 



Dr. O. Aschan has been appointed professor of chemistry 

 at Helsingfors. 



The following honorary degrees were conferred at a 

 convocation of the University of Durham on June 22 : — 

 D.C.L., Sir Daniel Morris; D.Sc, Prof. R. A. Sampson, 

 F.R.S. ; D.C.L., Dr. Harold F. Wilson; D.Sc, Mr. David 

 ■W'ooldcott. 



The first number of the second volume of the Investi- 

 gations of the Departments of Psychology and Education 

 of the University of Colorado has been received. It contains 

 papers by Mr. F. H. Clark on the scope and efficiency of 

 the normal schools of the United States ; by Prof. Libby on 

 co-education and the raw material of the school ; and by 

 .Mr. J. H. Bair on factors in the learning process. 



NO. 1809, VOL. 70] 



The programme containing regulations for the registra- 

 tion, conduct, and inspection of classes and examination of 

 candidates in technological subjects, and for the award of 

 teachers' certificates in manual training and domestic 

 economy, for the session 1904-5, in connection with the 

 City and Guilds of London Institute, has now been published. 

 The programme may be obtained from Mr. John Murray, 

 price ninepence net. 



We have received from Messrs. Swan Sonnenschein and 

 Co., Ltd., a copy of a useful publication compiled from 

 official records by the editor of the "' Schoolmaster's Year- 

 book and Directory." The title and subtitle serve to 

 indicate satisfactorily the scope of the new volume, which 

 is called a " Register of Teachers for Secondary Schools," 

 being the list of teachers registered in column B of the 

 Teachers' Register, formed and kept by the Teachers' 

 Registration Council, in accordance with the Order in 

 Council, March 6, 1902, and amending orders. Particulars 

 of address, date of registration, qualifications, experience, 

 recorded in the register for each teacher, are also given. 

 The volume costs two shillings net. 



A PAPER read last July at the meeting of the National 

 Educational Association at Boston. Mass., U.S.A., by Prof. 

 W. X. Rice, on the proper scope of geological teaching in 

 the high school and academy, has been reprinted in separate 

 form from the Proceedings of the National Educational 

 Association. From a copy of the reprint which has reached 

 us, we learn that Prof. Rice believes " that there should be 

 a required course in physical geography in the first year of 

 the high-school curriculum." The geographical course 

 would by this plan precede the bifurcation of the curriculum 

 necessitated by the fact that in most cases the classical 

 students must begin Greek in the second year. Prof. Rice 

 also considers that a course in geology, which should be 

 chiefly dynamical and structural geology, is a most desirable 

 elective in the fourth year of the curriculum. 



The University College of North Wales has organised a 

 department of forestry or sylviculture in connection with 

 its -agricultural department. The desirability of providing 

 facilities for the teaching of forestry in North Wales was 

 brought prominently forward by Lord Onslow some months 

 ago in his address at the opening of the College Farm at 

 the commencement of the present session, and it is gratify- 

 ing to find that the proposed scheme has so soon been 

 realised. Mr. Eraser Storey has been appointed lecturer 

 in forestry. Not only will the Bangor School of Forestry 

 be the first institution of its kind organised in connection 

 with a university college in this country, but a further 

 innovation has been made in extending the work of the 

 department beyond the limits of ordinary class-teaching. 

 A considerable portion of Mr. Storey's duties will consist 

 in acting as an expert adviser in connection with the 

 principal estates in the district, on which the development 

 of forestry is desirable. 



The Earl of Onslow on Friday last, June 24, opened the 

 gardens of the horticultural department of University 

 College, Reading, in his official capacity as President of 

 the Board of Agriculture. It may be pointed out that for 

 some years Mr. Frederick Keeble has given instruction in 

 the principles of horticulture, but only comparatively recently 

 is it that, owing to the kindness of Mr. .\lfred Palmer in 

 putting seven acres of land, conveniently placed, at the 

 disposal of the college, justice has been done to the practical 

 side of the work. .At the ceremonv to which we have re- 

 ferred, the principal, Mr. W. M. Childs, answered the 

 question as to why horticulture is necessary, and gave 

 three reasons : — (i) the enorjiious increase in scientific 

 knowledge as to the growing of plants ; (2) foreign com- 

 petition ; and (3) the training of teachers in connection witfi 

 rural education. Lord Onslow, in a brief speech, empha- 

 sised the remarks of the principal ; he dwelt particularly on 

 the third point, and alluded to the need for properly pre- 

 senting produce to the purchaser. Mr. Martin J. .Suttorr 

 afterwards said that never before had he attended a meeting 

 at which the teaching of horticulture had received the officiaf 

 recognition of the Government. Seeing the hard ^.truggle 

 which has been made to introduce such teaching of horti- 

 culture as gives proper attention to the scientific side, the 

 results which we chronicle are most satisfactory. 



